Related papers: Fractionalization, topological order, and cuprate …
We discuss the possibility that the electron may be fractionalized in some quantum phases of matter in two or higher dimensions. We review the theory of such phases, and show that their effective theory is a $Z_2$ gauge theory. These phases…
The precise theoretical characterization of a fractionalized phase in spatial dimensions higher than one is through the concept of ``topological order''. We describe a physical effect that is a robust and direct consequence of this hidden…
We propose several tests of the idea that the electron is fractionalized in the underdoped and undoped cuprates. These include the ac Josephson effect, and tunneling into small superconducting grains in the Coulomb blockade regime. In both…
We discuss possible patterns of electron fractionalization in strongly interacting electron systems. A popular possibility is one in which the charge of the electron has been liberated from its Fermi statistics. Such a fractionalized phase…
Electron fractionalization is intimately related to topology. In one-dimensional systems, fractionally charged states exist at domain walls between degenerate vacua. In two-dimensional systems, fractionalization exists in quantum Hall…
Studies on the interplay between the charge order and the $d$-wave superconductivity in the copper-oxide high $T_{\rm c}$ superconductors are reviewed with a special emphasis on the exploration based on the unconventional concept of the…
We consider the concept of fractons in the context of high-$T_{c}$ superconductivity. These objects, which carry rational or irrational quantum numbers, are classified into universal classes $h$ of particles or quasiparticles which obey…
We discuss fluctuating order in a quantum disordered phase proximate to a quantum critical point, with particular emphasis on fluctuating stripe order. Optimal strategies for extracting information concerning such local order from…
Electron quasiparticles play a crucial role in simplifying the description of many-body physics in solids with surprising success. Conventional Landau's Fermi-liquid and quasiparticle theories for high-temperature superconducting cuprates…
We propose that the observed splitting of the vortices in the cuprates into fractional vortices (partons) may be of static rather than of dynamic origin. This interpretation is backed by a study of a model with a dominant d-wave and…
The electronic structure of the high-Tc cuprates is studied in terms of "large-U" and "small-U" orbitals. A striped structure and three types of quasiparticles are obtained, polaron-like "stripons" carrying charge, "svivons" carrying spin,…
Topological insulators have emerged as a major topic of condensed matter physics research with several novel applications proposed. Although there are now a number of established experimental examples of materials in this class, all of them…
The electronic phase diagrams of many highly correlated systems, and in particular the cuprate high temperature superconductors, are complex, with many different phases appearing with similar-sometimes identical-ordering temperatures even…
Separating electrons into emergent fractional quasiparticles is a hallmark of exotic quantum phases of matter with strong interactions. Understanding under which circumstances fractionalized excitations appear is a major conceptual…
Fractionalization is a phenomenon in which strong interactions in a quantum system drive the emergence of excitations with quantum numbers that are absent in the building blocks. Outstanding examples are excitations with charge e/3 in the…
Electronic structure of high-temperature superconducting cuprates is studied by analyzing experimental data independently obtained from two complementary spectroscopies, one, quasiparticle interference (QPI) measured by scanning-tunneling…
We study the electron spectral function of various zero-temperature spin-charge separated phases in two dimensions. In these phases, the electron is not a fundamental excitation of the system, but rather ``decays'' into a spin-1/2…
Electronic materials harbor a plethora of exotic quantum phases, ranging from unconventional superconductors to non-Fermi liquids, and, more recently, topological phases of matter. While these quantum phases in integer dimensions are well…
Although the vast majority of high-$T_c$ cuprate superconductors are hole-doped, a small family of electron-doped compounds exists. Under investigated until recently, there has been tremendous recent progress in their characterization. A…
We theoretically analyze the intensity of the resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) based on Ansatz that the electron is fractionalized into two components. By fitting the angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) data of a…