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While composing a new document, anything from a news article to an email or essay, authors often utilize direct quotes from a variety of sources. Although an author may know what point they would like to make, selecting an appropriate quote…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-20 Ansel MacLaughlin , Tao Chen , Burcu Karagol Ayan , Dan Roth

Coreference resolution is essential for natural language understanding and has been long studied in NLP. In recent years, as the format of Question Answering (QA) became a standard for machine reading comprehension (MRC), there have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Mingzhu Wu , Nafise Sadat Moosavi , Dan Roth , Iryna Gurevych

It is often posited that more predictable parts of a speaker's meaning tend to be made less explicit, for instance using shorter, less informative words. Studying these dynamics in the domain of referring expressions has proven difficult,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Laura Aina , Xixian Liao , Gemma Boleda , Matthijs Westera

Coreference resolution is typically evaluated using aggregate statistical metrics such as CoNLL-F1, which measure structural overlap between predicted and gold clusters. While widely used, these metrics offer limited diagnostic insights,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Bruno Gatti , Giuliano Martinelli , Roberto Navigli

In the field of natural language processing, correction of performance assessment for chance agreement plays a crucial role in evaluating the reliability of annotations. However, there is a notable dearth of research focusing on chance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Diya Li , Carolyn Rosé , Ao Yuan , Chunxiao Zhou

Evaluating the compatibility between textual descriptions and corresponding images represents a core endeavor within multi-modal research. In recent years, a proliferation of reference-free methods, leveraging visual-language pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Zheng Ma , Changxin Wang , Yawen Ouyang , Fei Zhao , Jianbing Zhang , Shujian Huang , Jiajun Chen

Misinformation spreads rapidly on social media, confusing the truth and targeting potentially vulnerable people. To effectively mitigate the negative impact of misinformation, it must first be accurately detected before applying a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Owen Cook , Charlie Grimshaw , Ben Wu , Sophie Dillon , Jack Hicks , Luke Jones , Thomas Smith , Matyas Szert , Xingyi Song

Recent trends in natural language processing research and annotation tasks affirm a paradigm shift from the traditional reliance on a single ground truth to a focus on individual perspectives, particularly in subjective tasks. In scenarios…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Olufunke O. Sarumi , Béla Neuendorf , Joan Plepi , Lucie Flek , Jörg Schlötterer , Charles Welch

Many methods of estimating causal models do not provide estimates of confidence in the resulting model. In this work, a metric is proposed for validating the output of a causal model fit; the robustness of the model structure with resampled…

Coherence evaluation aims to assess the organization and structure of a discourse, which remains challenging even in the era of large language models. Due to the scarcity of annotated data, data augmentation is commonly used for training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Dawei Zhu , Wenhao Wu , Yifan Song , Fangwei Zhu , Ziqiang Cao , Sujian Li

Reference texts such as encyclopedias and news articles can manifest biased language when objective reporting is substituted by subjective writing. Existing methods to detect bias mostly rely on annotated data to train machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Timo Spinde , David Krieger , Manuel Plank , Bela Gipp

Reference resolution on extended texts (several thousand references) cannot be evaluated manually. An evaluation algorithm has been proposed for the MUC tests, using equivalence classes for the coreference relation. However, we show here…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Andrei Popescu-Belis , Isabelle Robba

Large language models (LLMs) have shown high agreement with human raters across a variety of tasks, demonstrating potential to ease the challenges of human data collection. In computational social science (CSS), researchers are increasingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Kristina Gligorić , Tijana Zrnic , Cinoo Lee , Emmanuel J. Candès , Dan Jurafsky

To measure the degree of agreement between two observers that independently classify $n$ subjects within $K$ categories, it is common to use different kappa type coefficients, the most common of which is the $\kappa_C$ coefficient (Cohen's…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-24 A. Martín Andrés , M. Álvarez Hernández

In multi-agent IR pipelines for tasks such as search and ranking, LLM-based agents exchange intermediate reasoning in terms of Chain-of-Thought (CoT) with each other. Current CoT evaluation narrowly focuses on target task accuracy. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Shashank Aggarwal , Ram Vikas Mishra , Amit Awekar

The reliability of machine learning systems critically assumes that the associations between features and labels remain similar between training and test distributions. However, unmeasured variables, such as confounders, break this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-17 Megha Srivastava , Tatsunori Hashimoto , Percy Liang

Annotation noise is widespread in datasets, but manually revising a flawed corpus is time-consuming and error-prone. Hence, given the prior knowledge in Pre-trained Language Models and the expected uniformity across all annotations, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Chang Shu

This paper presents a scheme for annotating coreference across news articles, extending beyond traditional identity relations by also considering near-identity and bridging relations. It includes a precise description of how to set up…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Jakob Vogel

Retrieval augmented Question Answering (QA) helps QA models overcome knowledge gaps by incorporating retrieved evidence, typically a set of passages, alongside the question at test time. Previous studies show that this approach improves QA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Laura Perez-Beltrachini , Mirella Lapata

As a means of human-based computation, crowdsourcing has been widely used to annotate large-scale unlabeled datasets. One of the obvious challenges is how to aggregate these possibly noisy labels provided by a set of heterogeneous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Xuan Wei , Daniel Dajun Zeng , Junming Yin