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Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used to evaluate natural language generation tasks as automated metrics. However, the likelihood, a measure of LLM's plausibility for a sentence, can vary due to superficial differences in sentences,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Masanari Oi , Masahiro Kaneko , Ryuto Koike , Mengsay Loem , Naoaki Okazaki

It has been a common approach to pre-train a language model on a large corpus and fine-tune it on task-specific data. In practice, we observe that fine-tuning a pre-trained model on a small dataset may lead to over- and/or under-estimation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Ning Miao , Yuxuan Song , Hao Zhou , Lei Li

We assume that recommender systems are more successful, when they are based on a thorough understanding of how people process information. In the current paper we test this assumption in the context of social tagging systems. Cognitive…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2014-05-09 Dominik Kowald , Paul Seitlinger , Christoph Trattner , Tobias Ley

Test-time augmentation -- the aggregation of predictions across transformed examples of test inputs -- is an established technique to improve the performance of image classification models. Importantly, TTA can be used to improve model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Helen Lu , Divya Shanmugam , Harini Suresh , John Guttag

Few-shot learning benchmarks are critical for evaluating modern NLP techniques. It is possible, however, that benchmarks favor methods which easily make use of unlabeled text, because researchers can use unlabeled text from the test set to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Kush Dubey

Confirmation bias, the tendency to seek evidence that supports rather than challenges one's belief, hinders one's reasoning ability. We examine whether large language models (LLMs) exhibit confirmation bias by adapting the rule-discovery…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Ayush Rajesh Jhaveri , Anthony GX-Chen , Ilia Sucholutsky , Eunsol Choi

Pre-trained language models have achieved state-of-the-art accuracies on various text classification tasks, e.g., sentiment analysis, natural language inference, and semantic textual similarity. However, the reliability of the fine-tuned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-18 Seung Jun Moon , Sangwoo Mo , Kimin Lee , Jaeho Lee , Jinwoo Shin

We propose a new strategy for applying large pre-trained language models to novel tasks when labeled training data is limited. Rather than apply the model in a typical zero-shot or few-shot fashion, we treat the model as the basis for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Ryan Smith , Jason A. Fries , Braden Hancock , Stephen H. Bach

Large language models encode impressively broad world knowledge in their parameters. However, the knowledge in static language models falls out of date, limiting the model's effective "shelf life." While online fine-tuning can reduce this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Nathan Hu , Eric Mitchell , Christopher D. Manning , Chelsea Finn

An effective ranking model usually requires a large amount of training data to learn the relevance between documents and queries. User clicks are often used as training data since they can indicate relevance and are cheap to collect, but…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Xiaojie Sun , Lulu Yu , Yiting Wang , Keping Bi , Jiafeng Guo

Trigrams'n'Tags (TnT) is an efficient statistical part-of-speech tagger. Contrary to claims found elsewhere in the literature, we argue that a tagger based on Markov models performs at least as well as other current approaches, including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Thorsten Brants

To transcribe speech, automatic speech recognition systems use statistical methods, particularly hidden Markov model and N-gram models. Although these techniques perform well and lead to efficient systems, they approach their maximum…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2016-08-16 Stéphane Huet , Pascale Sébillot , Guillaume Gravier

Bilingual word embeddings have been widely used to capture the similarity of lexical semantics in different human languages. However, many applications, such as cross-lingual semantic search and question answering, can be largely benefited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Muhao Chen , Yingtao Tian , Haochen Chen , Kai-Wei Chang , Steven Skiena , Carlo Zaniolo

Traditional neural topic models are typically optimized by reconstructing the document's Bag-of-Words (BoW) representations, overlooking contextual information and struggling with data sparsity. In this work, we propose a novel approach to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Raymond Li , Amirhossein Abaskohi , Chuyuan Li , Gabriel Murray , Giuseppe Carenini

The task of assigning label sequences to a set of observed sequences is common in computational linguistics. Several models for sequence labeling have been proposed over the last few years. Here, we focus on discriminative models for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-11-12 P. Balamurugan , Shirish Shevade , S. Sundararajan , S. S Keerthi

For text classification tasks, finetuned language models perform remarkably well. Yet, they tend to rely on spurious patterns in training data, thus limiting their performance on out-of-distribution (OOD) test data. Among recent models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Maarten De Raedt , Fréderic Godin , Chris Develder , Thomas Demeester

The generative large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for data augmentation tasks, where text samples are paraphrased (or generated anew) and then used for classifier fine-tuning. Existing works on augmentation leverage the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Jan Cegin , Branislav Pecher , Jakub Simko , Ivan Srba , Maria Bielikova , Peter Brusilovsky

Corpus-based methods for natural language processing often use supervised training, requiring expensive manual annotation of training corpora. This paper investigates methods for reducing annotation cost by {\it sample selection}. In this…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Sean P. Engelson , Ido Dagan

In information retrieval (IR) and related tasks, term weighting approaches typically consider the frequency of the term in the document and in the collection in order to compute a score reflecting the importance of the term for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Alejandro Moreo Fernández , Andrea Esuli , Fabrizio Sebastiani

This paper describes the functioning of a broad-coverage probabilistic top-down parser, and its application to the problem of language modeling for speech recognition. The paper first introduces key notions in language modeling and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Brian Roark