Related papers: Energy Flow in the Universe
The data indicating existence of different forms of dark matter in the universe as well as the role of this matter in structure formation are briefly reviewed. It is argued that vacuum energy gives a dominant contribution into the total…
In turbulent flows, energy flux refers to the transfer of kinetic energy across different scales of motion, a concept that is a cornerstone of turbulence theory. The direction of net energy flux is prescribed by the dimensionality of the…
Most of our knowledge of the universe has been obtained from the anisotropy spectrum of the cosmic microwave background and observations of large-scale structures. During the history of the Universe, neutrinos from the early Universe evolve…
In 1900 it was believed that almost 100% of the mass of the Universe resided in stars. Now, in the year 2000, such stars (and cold gas) are known to account for only ~1% its mass. The remaining mass of the Universe is thought to reside in…
Cosmic rays are a sample of solar, galactic and extragalactic matter. Their origin and properties are one of the most intriguing question in modern astrophysics. The most energetic events and active objects in the Universe: supernovae…
Accelerated particles are ubiquitous in the Cosmos and play a fundamental role in many processes governing the evolution of the Universe at all scales, from the sub-AU ones relevant for the formation and evolution of stars and planets to…
We summarize recent results of the observations of high (1 TeV-100 PeV) and ultrahigh ($\geq 100$ PeV) energy neutrinos, including the detection of a diffuse cosmic high-energy neutrino background, the identification of the first neutrino…
Observations provide increasingly strong evidence that the universe is accelerating. This revolutionary advance in cosmological observations confronts theoretical cosmology with a tremendous challenge, which it has so far failed to meet.…
The speed of light is usually taken as one of the fundamental constants. String, and field, theories appear to require the altercation of this constant into a functional form $E(m,c)$ which is not $E=mc^2$. The analysis requires the…
Ongoing experimental efforts to detect cosmic sources of high energy neutrinos are guided by the expectation that astrophysical accelerators of cosmic ray protons would also generate neutrinos through interactions with ambient matter and/or…
Recent measurements of ultra-high energy cosmic rays and neutrinos are briefly reviewed. With several new large scale observatories nearing completion or becoming fully operational only very recently, a large body of high quality and high…
In the context of General Relativity, radiation, either gravitational or electromagnetic, is closely associated to vorticity of observers world lines. We stress in this letter that the factor that relates the two phenomena is a circular…
There are now several types of relativistic flows in astrophysical settings. The foremost examples are jets and disks orbiting spinning black holes, pulsar winds and gamma ray bursts. As discussed at this meeting, these flows exhibit…
The focus of this Chapter is on describing the prospective sources of the gravitational wave universe accessible to present and future observations, from kHz, to mHz down to nano-Hz frequencies. The multi-frequency gravitational wave…
This article is based on the Planckon densely piled vacuum model and the principle of cosmology. With the Planck era as initial conditions and including the early inflation, we have solved the Einstein-Friedmann equations to describe the…
We discuss the region of transition between galactic and extragalactic cosmic rays. The exact shapes and compositions of these two components contains information about important parameters of powerful astrophysical sources and the…
Two models are given by crossing the Friedmann metrics with Schwarzschild and Kerr metrics. In these evolving universes with a gravitational source, the force four-vector and the corresponding potentials are evaluated.
There are at least three sources of cosmic quarks in the universe. One, the quark nuggets which may survive beyond a certain baryon number during the phase transition from quarks to hadrons microseconds after the big bang. These quark…
This two-part review summarizes interstellar turbulence and its implications. The first part begins with diagnostics and energy sources. Turbulence theory is considered in detail, including the basic fluid equations, solenoidal and…
We will discuss the main relevant aspects of the physics of ultra high energy cosmic rays. After a short recap of the experimental evidences, we will review theoretical models aiming at describing the sources of these extremely energetic…