Related papers: A Two-Dimensional, Self-Consistent Model of Galact…
Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) are mainly protons confined in the galactic magnetic field to form an isotropic flux inside the galaxy. Before reaching the Earth orbit they enter the Heliosphere and undergo diffusion, convection, magnetic drift…
Winds are ubiquitous in galaxies and often feature bubble structures. These wind bubbles are characterized by an external forward shock expanding in the surrounding medium and a wind termination shock separating the cool and fast wind from…
A sudden release of high energy cosmic rays at the centre of a wind sustaining a spiral magnetic field produces cavities of low density and low magnetic field along the axis. The trajectories of high energy cosmic rays are focussed onto the…
Our basic theoretical understanding of the sources of cosmic rays and their propagation through the interstellar medium is hindered by the Sun, that through the solar wind affects the observed cosmic-ray spectra. This effect is known as…
Cosmic Rays escaping the Galaxy exert a force on the interstellar medium directed away from the Galactic disk. If this force is larger than the gravitational pull due to the mass embedded in the Galaxy, then galactic winds may be launched.…
We study the properties of cosmic-ray (CR) driven galactic winds from the warm interstellar medium using idealized spherically symmetric time-dependent simulations. The key ingredients in the model are radiative cooling and…
Isotropic diffusion models for Galactic cosmic ray transport put tight constraints on the maximum convection velocity in the halo. For a half halo height of 4 kpc the maximum convection speed is limited to 40 km/s in the halo, since…
We study intermittency as a departure from self-similarity of the solar wind magnetic turbulence and investigate the evolution with the heliocentric distance and latitude. We use data from the Ulysses spacecraft measured during two solar…
Cosmic rays may have contributed to the start of life on Earth. Here, we investigate the evolution of the Galactic cosmic ray spectrum at Earth from ages $t = 0.6-6.0\,$Gyr. We use a 1D cosmic ray transport model and a 1.5D stellar wind…
It has been suggested that galactic shock asymmetry induced by our galaxy's infall toward the Virgo Cluster may be a source of periodicity in cosmic ray exposure as the solar system oscillates perpendicular to the galactic plane. Here we…
Very high intensities of galactic cosmic rays measured by Voyager 1 in the heliosheath appear to be incompatible with the presence of a modulation "wall" near the heliopause produced by a pile up of the heliospheric magnetic field. We…
The origin of cosmic rays above the knee in the spectrum is an unsolved problem. We present a wind model in which interstellar gas flows along a non-rotating, expanding flux tube with a changing speed and cross-sectional area. Cosmic rays…
We update the SOHO/SWAN H Lyman-alpha brightness analysis to cover the 1996-2008 time interval. A forward model applied to the intensity maps provides the latitude and time dependence of the interstellar Hydrogen ionisation rate over more…
We review some of the recent progress in our knowledge about high-energy cosmic rays, with an emphasis on the interpretation of the different observational results. We discuss the effects that are relevant to shape the cosmic ray spectrum…
(abridged abstract) Theoretical arguments indicate that close-in terrestial exoplanets may have weak magnetic fields. As described in the companion article (Paper I), a weak magnetic field results in a high flux of galactic cosmic rays to…
The propagation of Galactic cosmic rays is well understood in the context of the solar system but is poorly studied for M dwarf systems. Quantifying the flux of cosmic rays reaching exoplanets is important since cosmic rays are relevant in…
Before being detected at Earth, charged cosmic rays propagate across the Solar System and undergo interactions with the turbulent solar wind and with the heliospheric magnetic field. As a result, they are subject to a series of processes…
Thanks to space-borne experiments such as the AMS-02 and PAMELA missions in low-Earth orbit, along with the Voyager spacecrafts in the interstellar space, a large collection of multi-channel and time-resolved Galactic cosmic ray (GCR) data…
An important factor limiting our ability to understand the production and propagation of cosmic rays pertains to the effects of heliospheric forces, commonly known as solar modulation. The solar wind is capable of generating time and…
Cosmic rays propagate through the Galaxy and encounter systems that may trap them temporarily, as well as magnetic field structures that induce chaotic behavior on their trajectories. In particular, this is the case for particles that…