Related papers: Why Cosmologists Believe the Universe is Accelerat…
The measured luminosity distances of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) as a function of redshift have shown that the expansion of the Universe is currently accelerating, probably due to the presence of repulsive dark energy such as Einstein's…
During the last three decades, there has been a growing realization among physicists and cosmologists that the relation between particle physics and cosmology may constitute yet another successful example of the unity of science. However,…
The "cosmic triangle" is introduced as a way of representing the past, present, and future status of the universe. Our current location within the cosmic triangle is determined by the answers to three questions: How much matter is in the…
The network of cosmological tests is tight enough now to show that the relativistic Big Bang cosmology is a good approximation to what happened as the universe expanded and cooled through light element production and evolved to the present.…
The dramatic confrontation between new observations and theories of the early and recent universe makes cosmology one of the most rapidly advancing fields in the physical sciences. The universe is a unique laboratory in which to probe…
Over the last decades, observations with increasing quality have revolutionized our understanding of the general properties of the Universe. Questions posed for millenia by mankind about the origin, evolution and structure of the cosmos…
Over the past three years we have determined the basic features of the Universe -- spatially flat; accelerating; comprised of 1/3 a new form of matter, 2/3 a new form of energy, with some ordinary matter and a dash of massive neutrinos; and…
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 has just been awarded to three astronomers: Saul Perlmutter, Brian Schmidt, and Adam Riess, for their amazing discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe. Without diminishing the achievement of…
The idea of an accelerating universe comes almost simultaneously with the determination of Hubble's constant by one of the Hubble Space Telescope Key Projects. The age of the universe dilemma is probably the link between these two issues.…
The discovery of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) in 1964 by Penzias and Wilson led to the establishment of the hot big-bang cosmological model some ten years later. Discoveries made in 1998 may ultimately have as profound an effect on…
Accelerating cosmologies in extra dimensional spaces have been studied. These extra dimensional spaces are products of many spaces. The physical behaviors of accelerating cosmologies are investigated from Einstein's field equation in higher…
The Machian Universe, is usually described with Newtonian Physics, We give an alternative General Relativistic picture for Mach's Universe. As such, we show that, in the correct Machian limit, Schwarzschild's metric is coherent with…
Astronomers measure distances to faraway galaxies and their velocities. They do that in order to determine the expansion rate of the Universe. In Part I of these lectures the foundations of the theory of the expansion of the Universe was…
In string gas cosmology, the extra dimensions of the underlying theory are kept at a microscopic scale by a gas of strings. In the matter-dominated era, however, dust pressure can lead to oscillations of the extra dimensions and to…
We investigate the recent - low redshift - expansion history of the universe using the most recent observational data. Using only data from 42 measurements of $f_{gas}$ in clusters, we found that cosmic acceleration could have already…
The analysis of the data from the distant supernovae (A.Riess et al, Astron.J. {\bf 116}, 1009, (1988)) for acceleration of the expending Universe from the viewpoint of the gravitation equations proposed by one of the authors (Phys.Lett.…
As a note for paper [physics/0505035], this is to make it more clear how we can depend upon Einstein's theory of gravitation and two assumptions of the cosmological principle and perfect fluid, in the so-called Z-approximation, to construct…
The myth that the expansion of the Universe was discovered by Hubble was first propagated by Humason (1931). The true nature of this discovery turns out to have been both more complex and more interesting.
A new component of the Universe which leads to an accelerated cosmic expansion is found from the measurements of distances to high-redshift type Ia supernovae. We describe the method and the results obtained from the observations of distant…
There is now overwhelming observational evidence that our Universe is accelerating in its expansion. I discuss how modified gravitational models can provide an explanation for this observed late-time cosmic acceleration. We consider…