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Shocks in relativistically hot plasmas are thought to exist in various high-energy astrophysical phenomena, but it is not clear how relativistic collisionless shocks are formed, whether particles are accelerated by the shock as in the case…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-18 Kamiido Kazuki , Ohira Yutaka

We report the results of a 3D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation carried out to study the early-stage evolution of the shock formed when an unmagnetized relativistic jet interacts with an ambient electron-ion plasma. Full-shock structures…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2014-07-21 E. J. Choi , K. Min , K. -I. Nishikawa , C. R. Choi

We investigate the physics of quasi-parallel trans-relativistic shocks propagating in weakly magnetized plasmas by means of long-duration two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The structure of the shock precursor is shaped by a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-02-09 Taiki Jikei , Daniel Groselj , Lorenzo Sironi

The expansion of a dense plasma through a more rarefied ionised medium is a phenomenon of interest in various physics environments ranging from astrophysics to high energy density laser- matter laboratory experiments. Here this situation is…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2015-05-19 G. Sarri , I. Kourakis , M. E. Dieckmann , M. Borghesi

Magnetized collisionless shocks drive particle acceleration broadly in space and astrophysics. We perform the first large-scale particle-in-cell simulations with realistic laboratory parameters (density, temperature, and velocity) to…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2024-05-24 P. Liu , D. Wu , D. W. Yuan , G. Zhao , Z. M. Sheng , X. T. He , J. Zhang

Charged plasma particles form an anisotropic counter-streaming distribution at the front of a shock. In the near- and ultra-relativistic regimes, Weibel (or two-stream) instability produces near-equipartition, chaotic, small-scale magnetic…

The plasma dynamics resulting from the simultaneous impact, of two equal, ultra-intense laser pulses, in two spatially separated spots, onto a dense target is studied via particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. The simulations show that…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2015-06-12 Xiaohu Yang , Mark E. Dieckmann , Gianluca Sarri , Marco Borghesi

For parameters that are applicable to the conditions at young supernova remnants, we present results of 2D3V particle-in-cell simulations of a non-relativistic plasma shock with a large-scale perpendicular magnetic field inclined at 45-deg…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-03-23 Volkmar Wieland , Martin Pohl , Jacek Niemiec , Iman Rafighi , Ken-Ichi Nishikawa

We investigate the interaction of nonthermal ions (protons and nuclei) accelerated in an ultrarelativistic blastwave with the pre-existing magnetic field of the medium into which the blastwave propagates. While particle acceleration…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Sean M. Couch , Milos Milosavljevic , Ehud Nakar

Cosmic rays are charged particles that are accelerated to relativistic speeds by astrophysical shocks. Numerical models have been successful in confirming the acceleration process for (quasi-)parallel shocks, which have the magnetic field…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-07-09 Allard Jan van Marle , Artem Bohdan , Anabella Araudo , Fabien Casse , Alexandre Marcowith

Particle acceleration by means of non-linear plasma wave interactions is of great topical interest. Accordingly, in this paper we focus on the electron surfing process. Self-consistent kinetic simulations, using both relativistic Vlasov and…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 M E Dieckmann , N J Sircombe , M Parviainen , P K Shukla , R O Dendy

The collision of two plasma clouds at a speed that exceeds the ion acoustic speed can result in the formation of shocks. This phenomenon is observed not only in astrophysical scenarios such as the propagation of supernova remnant (SNR)…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-19 Mark Eric Dieckmann , Gianluca Sarri , Domenico Doria , Hamad Ahmed , Marco Borghesi

It is shown that an ultrarelativistic shock with the Lorentz factor of order of tens or higher propagating in a moderately dense interstellar medium (density above $\sim 1000 $ cm$^{-3}$) undergoes a fast dramatic transformation into a…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 Boris E. Stern

The theoretical model by Sorasio et al. (2006) for the steady state Mach number of electrostatic shocks formed in the interaction of two plasma slabs of arbitrary density and temperature is generalized for relativistic electron and…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2013-05-08 A. Stockem , E. Boella , F. Fiuza , L. O. Silva

A 2D particle simulation models the collision of two electron-ion plasma clouds along a quasi-parallel magnetic field. The collision speed is 0.9c and the density ratio 10. A current sheet forms at the front of the dense cloud, in which the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2010-11-24 G. C. Murphy , M. E. Dieckmann , L. O'C. Drury

Particle acceleration at magnetized purely perpendicular relativistic shocks in electron-ion plasmas are studied by means of two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. Magnetized shocks with the upstream bulk Lorentz factor $\gamma_1 \gg…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-01-20 Masanori Iwamoto , Takanobu Amano , Yosuke Matsumoto , Shuichi Matsukiyo , Masahiro Hoshino

The course of non-thermal electron ejection in relativistic unmagnetized electron-ion shocks is investigated by performing self-consistent particle-in-cell simulations. The shocks are excited through the injection of relativistic jet into…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-08-24 Kazem Ardaneh , Dongsheng Cai , Ken-Ichi Nishikawa

In this review we discuss some observational aspects and theoretical models of astrophysical collisionless shocks in partly ionized plasma with the presence of non-thermal components. A specific feature of fast strong collisionless shocks…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-15 A. M. Bykov , M. A. Malkov , J. C. Raymond , A. M. Krassilchtchikov , A. E. Vladimirov

Relativistic flying mirrors in plasmas are realized as thin dense electron (or electron-ion) layers accelerated by high-intensity electromagnetic waves to velocities close to the speed of light in vacuum. The reflection of an…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2016-08-03 Sergei V. Bulanov , Timur Zh. Esirkepov , Masaki Kando , James K. Koga

We report on the first steady-state simulations of strong plasma shocks with fully kinetic ions and electrons, independently confirmed by two fully kinetic codes (an Eulerian continuum and a Lagrangian particle-in-cell). While kinetic…