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Turbulence governs the fragmentation of molecular clouds and plays a pivotal role in star formation. The persistence of observed cloud turbulence suggests it does not decay significantly within the turnover timescale, implying a recurrent…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-09-15 Shibo Yuan , Hua-Bai Li

In the first article of this series, we have used the ergodic theory to assess the validity of a statistical approach to characterize various properties of star-forming molecular clouds (MCs) from a limited number of observations or…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-08-03 Etienne Jaupart , Gilles Chabrier

(Abridged) The gravitational term for clouds and cores entering in the virial theorem is usually assumed to be equal to the gravitational energy, since the contribution to the gravitational force from the mass distribution outside the…

Star formation is intimately linked to the dynamical evolution of molecular clouds. Turbulent fragmentation determines where and when protostellar cores form, and how they contract and grow in mass via accretion from the surrounding cloud…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Ralf Klessen

We explore whether observed molecular clouds could include a substantial population of unbound clouds. Using simulations which include only turbulence and gravity, we are able to match observed relations and naturally reproduce the observed…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2014-03-05 Rachel L. Ward , James Wadsley , Alison Sills

We simulate fragmentation and gravitational collapse of cold, magnetized molecular clouds. We explore the nonlinear development of an instability mediated by ambipolar diffusion, in which the collapse rate is intermediate to fast…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 R. Indebetouw , E. G. Zweibel

Molecular cloud observations show that clouds have non-thermal velocity dispersions that scale with the cloud size as $\sigma\propto R^{1/2}$ at constant surface density, and for varying surface density scale with both the cloud`s size and…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2016-06-15 Juan C. Ibáñez-Mejía , Mordecai-Mark Mac Low , Ralf S. Klessen , Christian Baczynski

The rotation of the galactic objects has been seen by asymmetric Doppler shift in the CMB data. Molecular hydrogen clouds at virial temperature may contribute to the galactic halo dark matter and they might be the reason for the observed…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-12-07 Asghar Qadir , Noraiz Tahir , Francesco De Paolis , Achille A. Nucita

(ABBREVIATED) Understanding the formation of stars in galaxies is central to much of modern astrophysics. In this review the relation between interstellar turbulence and star formation is discussed. Supersonic turbulence can provide support…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-09-29 Ralf S. Klessen

Molecular clouds are a fundamental ingredient of galaxies: they are the channels that transform the diffuse gas into stars. The detailed process of how they do it is not completely understood. We review the current knowledge of molecular…

A fundamental issue in star formation is understanding the precise mechanisms leading to the formation of prestellar cores, and their subsequent gravitationally unstable evolution. To address this question, we carefully construct a suite of…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-05-13 Sanghyuk Moon , Eve C. Ostriker

We simulate the formation of molecular clouds in colliding flows of warm neutral medium with the adaptive mesh refinement code {\sc Flash}. We include a chemical network to treat heating and cooling and to follow the formation of molecular…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-08-26 Michael Weis , Stefanie Walch , Daniel Seifried , Shashwata Ganguly

Supersonic turbulence is an essential element in understanding how structure within interstellar gas is created and shaped. In the context of star formation, many computational studies show that the mass spectrum of density and velocity…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2014-03-05 Ralph E. Pudritz , N. K. -R. Kevlahan

The turbulent motion within molecular clouds is a key factor controlling star formation. Turbulence supports molecular cloud cores from evolving to gravitational collapse and hence sets a lower bound on the size of molecular cloud cores in…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-23 Yang Gao , Haitao Xu , Chung K. Law

Gravity drives the collapse of molecular clouds through which stars form, yet the exact role of gravity in cloud collapse remains a complex issue. Studies point to a picture where star formation occurs in clusters. In a typical, pc-sized…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-11-07 Guang-Xing Li

Rotation of galactic objects has been seen in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) that could be ascribed to molecular hydrogen clouds with, or without, dust contamination and contamination from other sources. We model the clouds using the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-09-28 Asghar Qadir , Noraiz Tahir , Muhammad Sakhi

A version of the virial theorem, which takes into account the effects of the non-compact extra-dimensions, is derived in the framework of the brane world models. In the braneworld scenario, the four dimensional effective Einstein equation…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 T. Harko , K. S. Cheng

We present a systematic analysis of the velocity structure functions (VSFs) of 167 molecular clouds with angular sizes greater than $\sim$176 arcmin$^2$ in three sectors of the Galactic mid-plane. We calculated the 1st- to 3rd-order VSFs…

To explore the potential role of gravity, turbulence and magnetic fields in high-mass star formation in molecular clouds, this study revisits the velocity dispersion--size ($\sigma$--$L$) and density--size ($\rho$--$L$) scalings and the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-05-09 An-Xu Luo , Hong-Li Liu , Guang-Xing Li , Sirong Pan , Dong-Ting Yang

Recent observations of hydrostatic structure and virial equilibrium in supersonically turbulent, self-gravitating molecular clouds imply a stability that contrasts with the transcience of turbulent structure. To investigate this…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-04-14 Eric Keto