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Gravitational waves (GWs) from distant sources such as inspiralling and merging stellar-mass compact binaries, intermediate-mass and supermassive-binary-black-hole can be gravitationally lensed by intervening objects, ranging from stars and…
The concept of velocity dependent mass, relativistic mass, is examined and is found to be inconsistent with the geometrical formulation of special relativity. This is not a novel result; however, many continue to use this concept and some…
Typical applications of gravitational lensing use the properties of electromagnetic or gravitational waves to infer the geometry through which those waves propagate. Nevertheless, the optical fields themselves - as opposed to their…
The mass derived from gravitational lensing reflects the total mass contained in the lensing system, independent of the specific matter contents and states. A comparison of the dynamical masses from hydrostatic equilibrium with the…
The positions of images produced by the gravitational lensing of background sources provide unique insight in to galaxy-lens mass distribution. However, even quad images of extended sources are not able to fully characterize the central…
We study the general theorem about gravitational lensing which states the relationship between the numbers of images with different parities. Our formulation allows an extension to the nontransparent and singular model.
The effect of currents of mass on bending of light rays is considered in the weak field regime. Following Fermat's principle and the standard theory of gravitational lensing, we derive the gravitomagnetic correction to time delay function…
The geometric foundations of General Relativity are revisited, with particular attention to its gauge invariance, as a key to understanding the true nature of spacetime. Beyond the common image of spacetime as a deformable 'fabric' filling…
We consider the nonunitary quantum dynamics of neutral massless scalar particles used to model photons around a massive gravitational lens. The gravitational interaction between the lensing mass and asymptotically free particles is…
We study the path of light rays passing near a massive object, in the context of the scale invariant equation of the geodesics first obtained by Dirac (1973). Using the exterior Schwarzschild solution for the metric, we derive the complete…
Measured time delays between the images of a gravitationally lensed source can lead to a determination of the Hubble constant ($H_o$), but only if the lensing mass distribution is well understood. The inability to sufficiently constrain…
The general expression of the angular distance between two point sources as measured by an arbitrary observer is given. The modelling presented here is rigorous, covariant and valid in any space-time. The sources of light may be located at…
The high accuracy of modern space astrometry requires the use of General Relativity to model the propagation of stellar light through the gravitational field encountered from a source to a given observer inside the Solar System. In this…
The fraction of high-redshift sources which are multiply-imaged by intervening galaxies is strongly dependent on the cosmological constant, and so can be a useful probe of the cosmological model. However its power is limited by various…
We present an exhaustive numerical investigation of the optical caustics in gravitational lensing by a spinning black hole for an observer at infinity. Besides the primary caustic, we examine higher order caustics, formed by photons…
We investigate the predictions of Einsteinian Cubic Gravity (ECG) for the lensing effects due to supermassive black holes at the center of Milky Way and other galaxies. Working in the context of spherical symmetry, we obtain the metric…
In astronomy, gravitational lensing of light leads to the formation of multiple images, arcs, Einstein rings, and, most important, the shadow of black holes. Analogously in the vicinity of a massive compact object massive particles,…
It is a common assumption amongst astronomers that, in the determination of the distances of remote sources from their apparent brightness, the cumulative gravitational lensing due to the matter in all the galaxies is the same, on average,…
Three point mass gravitational lens equation is a two-dimensional vector equation that can be embedded in a tenth order analytic polynomial equation of one complex variable, and we can solve the one variable equation on the source…
The gravitational field of supermassive black holes is able to strongly bend light rays emitted by nearby sources. When the deflection angle exceeds $\pi$, gravitational lensing can be analytically approximated by the so-called strong…