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The surface detector technique has been successfully used to detect cosmic ray showers for several decades. Scintillators or Cerenkov water tanks can be used to measure the number of particles and/or the energy density at a given depth in…
The exotic physics emerging in non-Hermitian systems with balanced distributions of gain and loss has drawn a great deal of attention in recent years. These systems exhibit phase transitions and exceptional point singularities in their…
Symmetries in the Physical Laws of Nature lead to observable effects. Beyond regularities and conserved magnitudes, the last decades in Particle Physics have seen the identification of symmetries, and their well defined breaking, as the…
The focus of this article is on recent results on ultra-high energy cosmic rays obtained with the Pierre Auger Observatory. The world's largest instrument of this type and its performance are described. The observations presented here…
Earlier we showed that the fine structure of the spectrum of amplitude variations in the results of measurements of the processes of different nature (in other words, the fine structure of the dispersion of results or the pattern of the…
The main results from the Auger Observatory are described. A steepening of the spectrum is observed at the highest energies, supporting the expectation that above $4\times 10^{19}$ eV the cosmic ray energies are significantly degraded by…
Physics takes for granted that interacting physical systems with no common history are independent, before their interaction. This principle is time-asymmetric, for no such restriction applies to systems with no common future, after an…
One of the possible consequences of the existence of extra degrees of freedom beyond the electroweak scale is the increase of neutrino-nucleon cross sections ($\sigma_{\nu N}$) beyond Standard Model predictions. At ultra-high energies this…
This paper develops a conditional framework for understanding the emergence of measurable physical structure from a pre-metric domain. Contemporary physics provides powerful and precise descriptions of relations among already-defined…
Measured values of arm asymmetry parameter x = (theta> - theta<)/(theta> + theta<) of a double have appreciable random errors due to errors in positions of radio peaks & of the optically identified galaxy or quasar. These broaden the…
The water-Cherenkov tanks of the Pierre Auger Observatory can detect particles at all zenith angles and are therefore well-suited for the study of inclined and horizontal air showers (60 - 90 degrees). Such showers are characterised by a…
Bayesian predictive densities when the observed data $x$ and the target variable $y$ to be predicted have different distributions are investigated by using the framework of information geometry. The performance of predictive densities is…
Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays are the most energetic particles directly measured, reaching orders of magnitude above those attained in the LHC. The Pierre Auger Observatory is shedding light onto the long-standing mysteries of their nature…
A new method for analyzing the morphological features of point patterns is presented. The method is taken from the study of molecular liquids, where it has been introduced for making a statistical description of anisotropic distributions.…
We find a general formula for the distribution of time-averaged observables for systems modeled according to the sub-diffusive continuous time random walk. For Gaussian random walks coupled to a thermal bath we recover ergodicity and…
In this article I briefly discuss the characteristics of the Auger observatories paying particular attention to the role of inclined showers, both in the search for high energy neutrino interactions deep in the atmosphere and as an…
The Pierre Auger Observatory is a major international effort aiming at high-statistics study of highest energy cosmic rays. A general description of the experimental set-up and overall performance of the detector at first light are…
Particle azimuth distributions are widely studied in heavy-ion collisions. They are often expanded in Fourier series to extract anisotropic flow harmonics simultaneously. It was recently proposed that the different orders of flows could…
The Pierre Auger Observatory has collected data for more than 15 years, accumulating the world's largest exposure to ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). The energy spectrum of the UHECRs has been measured up to $10^{20.2}$ eV, and their…
This paper presents the highlights from the recent measurements of the energy spectrum, mass composition, and arrival directions of the ultra-high energy ($> 10^{17}$ eV = 0.1 EeV) cosmic rays (UHECR) by the Pierre Auger Observatory. The…