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In this white paper we explore the capabilities required to identify and study supermassive black holes formed from heavy seeds ($\mathrm{M_{\bullet}} \sim 10^4 - 10^6 \, \mathrm{M_{\odot}}$) in the early Universe. To obtain an unequivocal…

Supermassive black holes are prevalent at the centers of massive galaxies, and their masses scale with galaxy properties, increasing evidence suggesting that these trends continue to low stellar masses. Seeds are needed for supermassive…

The coalescence of massive black hole (BH) binaries due to galaxy mergers provides a primary source of low-frequency gravitational radiation detectable by pulsar timing measurements and by the proposed LISA (Laser Interferometry Space…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 J. Stuart B. Wyithe , Abraham Loeb

With the upcoming space- and Moon-based gravitational-wave detectors, LISA and LGWA respectively, a new era of GW astronomy will begin with the possibility of detections of the mergers of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) and…

We compare the science capabilities of different eLISA mission designs, including four-link (two-arm) and six-link (three-arm) configurations with different arm lengths, low-frequency noise sensitivities and mission durations. For each of…

Massive black hole binaries, with masses in the range 1E3-1E8 Msun, are expected to be the most powerful sources of gravitational radiation at mHz frequencies, and hence are among the primary targets for the planned Laser Interferometer…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 A. Sesana , F. Haardt , P. Madau , M. Volonteri

In this paper we review a new scenario for the formation of massive black hole seeds that relies on multi-scale gas inflows initiated by the merger of massive gas-rich galaxies at $z > 6$, where gas has already achieved solar composition.…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-11-14 Lucio Mayer , Silvia Bonoli

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will play a vital role in constraining the origin and evolution of massive black holes throughout the Universe. In this study we use a waveform model (IMRPhenomXPHM) that includes both…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-28 Geraint Pratten , Patricia Schmidt , Hannah Middleton , Alberto Vecchio

Measuring the quasi-normal mode~(QNM) spectrum emitted by a perturbed black-hole~(BH) --~also known as BH spectroscopy~-- provides an excellent opportunity to test the predictions of general relativity in the strong-gravity regime. We…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-11-09 Swetha Bhagwat , Costantino Pacilio , Enrico Barausse , Paolo Pani

The correlations between the mass of supermassive black holes and properties of their host galaxies are investigated through cosmological simulations. Black holes grow from seeds of 100 solar masses inserted into density peaks present in…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2014-11-20 Ch. Filloux , F. Durier , J. A. de Freitas Pacheco , J. Silk

We study a model in which supermassive black holes (SMBHs) can grow by the combined action of gas accretion on heavy seeds and mergers of both heavy (m_s^h=10^5 Msol) and light (m_s^l = 10^2 Msol) seeds. The former result from the direct…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2014-01-23 Andrea Petri , Andrea Ferrara , Ruben Salvaterra

We investigate the formation of the first massive black holes in high redshift galaxies, with the goal of providing insights to which galaxies do or do not host massive black holes. We adopt a novel approach to forming seed black holes in…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-27 Jillian Bellovary , Marta Volonteri , Fabio Governato , Sijing Shen , Thomas Quinn , James Wadsley

Massive black hole binary (MBHB) mergers will be detectable in large numbers by the Lisa Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), which will thus provide new insights on how they form via repeated dark matter (DM) halo and galaxy mergers. Here…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-28 Vivienne Langen , Nicola Tamanini , Sylvain Marsat , Elisa Bortolas

The population of stellar origin black hole binaries (SOBHBs) detected by existing ground-based gravitational wave detectors is an exciting target for the future space-based Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). LISA is sensitive to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-08-09 Matthew C. Digman , Neil J. Cornish

Observations of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at high redshifts challenge standard seeding scenarios. We examine a dissipative self-interacting dark matter (dSIDM) model in which gravothermal collapse leads to the formation of massive BH…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-04-02 Tingwei Shen , Xuejian Shen , Huangyu Xiao , Mark Vogelsberger , Fangzhou Jiang

LISA, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, will usher in a new era in gravitational-wave astronomy. As the first anticipated space-based gravitational-wave detector, it will expand our view to the millihertz gravitational-wave sky, where…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-04 LISA Consortium Waveform Working Group , Niayesh Afshordi , Sarp Akçay , Pau Amaro Seoane , Andrea Antonelli , Josu C. Aurrekoetxea , Leor Barack , Enrico Barausse , Robert Benkel , Laura Bernard , Sebastiano Bernuzzi , Emanuele Berti , Matteo Bonetti , Béatrice Bonga , Gabriele Bozzola , Richard Brito , Alessandra Buonanno , Alejandro Cárdenas-Avendaño , Marc Casals , David F. Chernoff , Alvin J. K. Chua , Katy Clough , Marta Colleoni , Geoffrey Compère , Mekhi Dhesi , Adrien Druart , Leanne Durkan , Guillaume Faye , Deborah Ferguson , Scott E. Field , William E. Gabella , Juan García-Bellido , Miguel Gracia-Linares , Davide Gerosa , Stephen R. Green , Maria Haney , Mark Hannam , Anna Heffernan , Tanja Hinderer , Thomas Helfer , Scott A. Hughes , Sascha Husa , Soichiro Isoyama , Michael L. Katz , Chris Kavanagh , Gaurav Khanna , Larry E. Kidder , Valeriya Korol , Lorenzo Küchler , Pablo Laguna , François Larrouturou , Alexandre Le Tiec , Benjamin Leather , Eugene A. Lim , Hyun Lim , Tyson B. Littenberg , Oliver Long , Carlos O. Lousto , Geoffrey Lovelace , Georgios Lukes-Gerakopoulos , Philip Lynch , Rodrigo P. Macedo , Charalampos Markakis , Elisa Maggio , Ilya Mandel , Andrea Maselli , Josh Mathews , Pierre Mourier , David Neilsen , Alessandro Nagar , David A. Nichols , Jan Novák , Maria Okounkova , Richard O'Shaughnessy , Naritaka Oshita , Conor O'Toole , Zhen Pan , Paolo Pani , George Pappas , Vasileios Paschalidis , Harald P. Pfeiffer , Lorenzo Pompili , Adam Pound , Geraint Pratten , Hannes R. Rüter , Milton Ruiz , Zeyd Sam , Laura Sberna , Stuart L. Shapiro , Deirdre M. Shoemaker , Carlos F. Sopuerta , Andrew Spiers , Hari Sundar , Nicola Tamanini , Jonathan E. Thompson , Alexandre Toubiana , Antonios Tsokaros , Samuel D. Upton , Maarten van de Meent , Daniele Vernieri , Jeremy M. Wachter , Niels Warburton , Barry Wardell , Helvi Witek , Vojtěch Witzany , Huan Yang , Miguel Zilhão , Angelica Albertini , K. G. Arun , Miguel Bezares , Alexander Bonilla , Christian Chapman-Bird , Bradley Cownden , Kevin Cunningham , Chris Devitt , Sam Dolan , Francisco Duque , Conor Dyson , Chris L. Fryer , Jonathan R. Gair , Bruno Giacomazzo , Priti Gupta , Wen-Biao Han , Roland Haas , Eric W. Hirschmann , E. A. Huerta , Philippe Jetzer , Bernard Kelly , Mohammed Khalil , Jack Lewis , Nicole Lloyd-Ronning , Sylvain Marsat , Germano Nardini , Jakob Neef , Adrian Ottewill , Christiana Pantelidou , Gabriel Andres Piovano , Jaime Redondo-Yuste , Laura Sagunski , Leo C. Stein , Viktor Skoupý , Ulrich Sperhake , Lorenzo Speri , Thomas F. M. Spieksma , Chris Stevens , David Trestini , Alex Vañó-Viñuales

With projects such as Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) and Pulsar Timing Arrays expected to detect gravitational waves from supermassive black hole mergers in the near future, it is key that we understand what we expect those…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-07-30 Colin DeGraf , Debora Sijacki , Tiziana Di Matteo , Kelly Holley-Bockelmann , Greg Snyder , Volker Springel

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will detect gravitational wave signals from coalescing pairs of massive black holes in the total mass range (10^5 - 10^7)/Msol out to cosmological distances. Identifying and monitoring the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-03-13 Takamitsu Tanaka , Kristen Menou

At low redshift, massive black holes are found in the centers of almost all large elliptical galaxies, and also in many lower-mass systems. Their evolution is believed to be inextricably entangled with that of their host galaxies. On the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-07-20 Enrico Barausse , Andrea Lapi

Some issues relevant for the formation of supermassive black holes are discused and estimates of the event rates for the emission of gravitational waves by coalescing supermassive black hole binaries are given. The models take into account…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-30 Martin G. Haehnelt