Related papers: Torus models for obscuration in type 2 AGN
Recent observations of NGC 1068 and other AGN support the idea of a geometrically and optically thick dust torus surrounding the central supermassive black hole and accretion disk of AGN. In type 2 AGN, the torus is seen roughly edge-on,…
We compare three different models of clumpy gas disk and show that the Circumnuclear Disk (CND) in the Galactic Center and a putative, geometrically thick, obscuring torus are best explained by a collisional model consisting of…
Unified schemes of active galactic nuclei (AGN) require an obscuring dusty torus around the central engine. The compact sizes (only a few pc) determined in recent high-resolution observations require that the obscuring matter be clumpy and…
We present a statistical analysis of the properties of the obscuring material around active galactic nuclei (AGN). This study represents the first of its kind for an ultra-hard X-ray (14-195keV; Swift/BAT) volume-limited (DL<40 Mpc) sample…
We used the CLUMPY torus models and a Bayesian approach to fit the infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and ground-based high-angular resolution mid-infrared spectroscopy of 13 nearby Seyfert galaxies. This allowed us to put tight…
Unified schemes of active galactic nuclei (AGN) require an obscuring dusty torus around the central engine. Torus sizes of hundreds of parsecs were deduced from early theoretical modeling efforts, but high-resolution IR observations now…
From extensive radiative transfer calculations we find that clumpy torus models with \No \about 5--15 dusty clouds along radial equatorial rays successfully explain AGN infrared observations. The dust has standard Galactic composition, with…
This review describes recent developments related to the unified model of active galactic nuclei (AGN). It focuses on new ideas about the origin and properties of the central obscurer (torus), and the connection with its surrounding. The…
The accretion rates needed to fuel the central black hole in a galaxy can be achieved via viscous torques in thick disks and rings, which can be resolved by millimetre interferometry within the inner ~20pc of the active galaxy NGC1068 at…
Warm gas and dust surround the innermost regions of active galactic nuclei (AGN). They provide the material for accretion onto the super-massive black hole and they are held responsible for the orientation-dependent obscuration of the…
In this paper, we try to explain the observed correlation between the covering factor (CF) of hot dust and the properties of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), e.g., the bolometric luminosity ($L_{\rm{bol}}$) and black hole mass…
Tori of Active Galactic Nuclei are made up of a mixture of hot and cold gas, as well as dust. In order to protect the dust grains from destruction by the hot gas as well as by the energetic radiation of the accretion disk, the dust is often…
We have developed the dynamical model of a clumpy torus in an active galactic nucleus (AGN) and compared to recent ALMA observations. We present $N$-body simulations of a torus in the field of a supermassive black hole (SMBH), made of up to…
We considered the evolution of a self-gravitating clumpy torus in the gravitational field of the central mass of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) in the framework of the N-body problem. The initial conditions take into account winds with…
In order to understand the diversity of classes observed in active galactic nuclei (AGN), a geometrically and optically thick torus of gas and dust is required to obscure the central engine depending on the line of sight to the observer. We…
We studied the physical parameters of a sample comprising of all Spitzer/IRS public spectra of Seyfert galaxies in the mid-infrared (5.2-38$\mu$m range) under the active galactic nuclei (AGN) unified model. We compare the observed spectra…
We present numerical simulations of properties of a parsec-scale torus exposed to illumination by the central black hole in an active galaxy (AGN). Our physical model allows to investigate the balance between the formation of winds and…
Observations give strong support for the unification scheme of active galactic nuclei. Clumpiness of the toroidal obscuration is crucial for explaining the IR observations and has significance consequences for AGN classification: type 1 and…
We propose a plausible mechanism to explain the formation of the so-called "obscuring tori" around active galactic nuclei (AGNs) based on three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations including radiative feedback from the central source. The…
The torus concept as an essential structural component of active galactic nuclei (AGN) is generally accepted. Here, the situation is discussed when the torus "twisting" by the radiation or wind transforms it into a dipole toroidal vortex…