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Related papers: Where Did The Moon Come From?

200 papers

The origin of Mars's small moons, Phobos and Deimos, remains unknown. They are typically thought either to be captured asteroids or to have accreted from a debris disk produced by a giant impact. Here, we present an alternative scenario…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-11-21 Jacob A. Kegerreis , Jack J. Lissauer , Vincent R. Eke , Thomas D. Sandnes , Richard C. Elphic

The Earth-Moon system is suggested to have formed through a single giant collision, in which the Moon accreted from the impact-generated debris disk. However, such giant impacts are rare, and during its evolution the Earth experienced many…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-08-01 Robert I. Citron , Hagai B. Perets , Oded Aharonson

In the giant impact hypothesis for lunar origin, the Moon accreted from an equatorial circum-terrestrial disk; however the current lunar orbital inclination of 5 degrees requires a subsequent dynamical process that is still debated. In…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-02-12 Matija Ćuk , Douglas P. Hamilton , Simon J. Lock , Sarah T. Stewart

Three major planets, Venus, Earth, and Mercury formed out of the solar nebula. A fourth planetesimal, Theia, also formed near Earth where it collided in a giant impact, rebounding as the planet Mars. During this impact Earth lost…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-05-31 Richard B. Firestone

The paper discusses a model of the bombardment of the Earth and the Moon by small bodies when these planets were formed. It is shown that the total ice mass delivered with the bodies to the Earth from the feeding zone of the giant planets…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-12-14 M. Ya. Marov , S. I. Ipatov

The leading hypothesis for the origin of the Moon, that of a single giant impact, faces significant challenges. These include either the need for an impactor with a near-identical composition to Earth or an extremely high-mass or…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-12 Harrison Davies , Philip J. Carter , Louis Eddershaw , Jingyao Dou , Zoë M. Leinhardt

Three principal concepts regarding lunar formation have been examined: the accretion hypothesis, the mega-impact theory, and the multi-impact model. The multi-impact model amalgamates the salient facets of the mega-impact theory and the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-10-27 Nick Gorkavyi

The Earth's Moon is thought to have formed by an impact between the Earth and an impactor around 4.5 billion years ago. This impact could have been so energetic that it could have mixed and homogenized the Earth's mantle. However, this view…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-17 Miki Nakajima , David J. Stevenson

The Earth's Moon is thought to have formed from a circumterrestrial disk generated by a giant impact between the proto-Earth and an impactor approximately 4.5 billion years ago. Since the impact was energetic, the disk would have been hot…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-12-31 Miki Nakajima , David J. Stevenson

In the leading theory of lunar formation, known as the giant impact hypothesis, a collision between two planet-size objects resulted in a young Earth surrounded by a circumplanetary debris disk from which the Moon later accreted. The range…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-11-20 Thomas Meier , Christian Reinhardt , Miles Timpe , Joachim Stadel , Ben Moore

The giant impact hypothesis is the dominant theory explaining the formation of our Moon. However, its inability to produce an isotopically similar Earth-Moon system with correct angular momentum has cast a shadow on its validity.…

The origin of Mercury's high iron-to-rock ratio is still unknown. In this work we investigate Mercury's formation via giant impacts and consider the possibilities of a single giant impact, a hit-and-run, and multiple collisions in one…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-10-10 Alice Chau , Christian Reinhardt , Ravit Helled , Joachim Gerhard Stadel

We simulate the hypothesised collision between the proto-Earth and a Mars-sized impactor that created the Moon. Amongst the resulting debris disk in some impacts, we find a self-gravitating clump of material. It is roughly the mass of the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-12-09 Sergio Ruiz-Bonilla , Vincent R. Eke , Jacob A. Kegerreis , Richard J. Massey , Luis F. A. Teodoro

The solar system planets are benchmarks for the planet formation theory. Yet two paradigms coexist for the four terrestrial planets: the prolonged collisional growth among planetesimals lasting $>100$ million years (Myr) and the fast…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-11-25 Tong Fang , Rongxi Bi , Hui Zhang , You Zhou , Christian Reinhardt , Hongping Deng

The classical scenario of terrestrial planet formation is characterized by a phase of giant impacts among Moon-to-Mars mass planetary embryos. While the classic model and its adaptations have produced adequate analogs of the outer three…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-08-17 P. Franco , A. Izidoro , O. C. Winter , K. S. Torres , A. Amarante

Understanding the Moon's formation mechanism is necessary for studying not only the Moon itself, but also the evolution, formation, habitability, and structure of other planets and the moons in the Solar system and in extrasolar planetary…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2014-02-04 Mukesh Gupta

We investigate the possibility that the Moon's formation impact was triggered by an early dynamical instability of the giant planets. We consider the well-studied "jumping Jupiter" hypothesis for the solar system's instability, where…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-08-11 Sandro R. DeSouza , Fernando Roig , David Nesvorný

The proposed multi-impact model explains the formation of the Moon, Charon, and binary asteroids without invoking catastrophic cosmic events. The main elements of the new model are as follows: a. A primordial, low-mass proto-satellite disk…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-30 Nick Gorkavyi

According to the standard giant impact hypothesis, the Moon formed from a partially vaporized disk generated by a collision between the proto Earth and a Mars sized impactor. The initial structure of the disk significantly affects the Moon…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2014-01-15 Miki Nakajima , David J. Stevenson

The angular momentum of the present Earth-Moon system could be acquired at the collision of two identical rarefied condensations with sizes of Hill spheres which total mass was about 0.1 of the mass of the Earth. Solid embryos of the Earth…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2014-12-30 S. I. Ipatov