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The past years have witnessed tremendous progress in understanding the properties of neutron stars and of the dense matter in their cores, made possible by electromagnetic observations of neutron stars and the detection of gravitational…
Recent developments in the theory of pure neutron matter and experiments concerning the symmetry energy of nuclear matter, coupled with recent measurements of high-mass neutron stars, now allow for relatively tight constraints on the…
Cooling of neutrons stars proceeds mainly via neutrino emission; As an example we study the modified neutrino bremsstrahlung process $nn \to nn\nu\bar{\nu}.$ The radiated energy is small compared to other scales in the system. Hence one can…
The observed polarization properties of thermal radiation from isolated, cooling neutron stars depend on both the emission processes at the surface and the effects of the magnetized vacuum which surrounds the star. Here we investigate the…
We demonstrate that the existing neutron-star cooling data can be appropriately described within "the nuclear medium cooling scenario" including hyperons under the assumption that different sources have different masses. We use a stiff…
Neutron stars are the densest objects known in our visible universe. Properties of matter inside a neutron star are encoded in its equation of state, which has wide-ranging uncertainty from a theoretical perspective. With the current…
Using a model for the equation of state and composition of dense matter and the magnitude of singlet proton superconductivity and triplet neutron superfluidity, we perform the first simultaneous fit of neutron star masses and radii…
The interpretation of the available and forthcoming data obtained from multimessenger astrophysical observations -- potentially providing unprecedented access to neutron star properties -- will require the development of novel, accurate…
Accreting neutron stars host a number of astronomical observables which can be used to infer the properties of the underlying dense matter. These observables are sensitive to the heating and cooling processes taking place in the accreted…
We explore, using an exact cooling code, the thermal evolution of a neutron star undergoing episodes of intense accretion, alternated by long periods of quiescence (e.g. Soft X-Ray Transients). We find that the soft component of the…
In this work, we study the properties of strange quark matter and reveal the evolution process of strange quark stars employing a self consistent thermodynamic treatment. A comprehensive and reliable thermodynamic basis for the study of the…
The Chandra X-ray Observatory has completed a remarkable twenty years in orbit. A large part of the science program of Chandra during this time has involved the study of stars and their planetary systems. This primer aims to give the reader…
It is generally considered that the neutron star cooling scenarios involving fast neutrino emission, from a kaon or pion condensate, quark matter, or the direct Urca process, require the presence of baryon pairing in the central core of the…
We develop a unified model of hadrons and quarks. Within this approach we investigate the phase structure of the model as function of temperature and chemical potential. Computing the equation of state of cold matter we determine neutron…
We monitored the quiescent thermal emission from neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binaries after active periods of intense activity in x-rays (outbursts). The theoretical modeling of the thermal relaxation of the neutron star crust may be…
Cooling of neutron stars (NSs) with the cores composed of neutrons, protons, and electrons is simulated assuming $^1$S$_0$ pairing of neutrons in the NS crust, and also $^1$S$_0$ pairing of protons and weak $^3$P$_2$ pairing of neutrons in…
We review the nuclear and condensed matter physics underlying the thermal and transport properties of the neutron star inner crust. These properties play a key role in interpreting transient phenomena such as thermal relaxation in accreting…
X-ray emission from cool stars is an important tracer for stellar activity. The X-ray luminosity reflects different levels of activity and covers four orders of magnitude in stars of spectral types M-F. Low spectral resolution provided by…
The minimal cooling paradigm for neutron star cooling assumes that enhanced cooling due to neutrino emission from any direct Urca process, due either to nucleons or to exotica such as hyperons, Bose condensates, or deconfined quarks, does…
Recent ROSAT measurements show that the x-ray emission from isolated neutron stars is modulated at the stellar rotation period. To interpret these measurements, one needs precise calculations of the heat transfer through the thin insulating…