Related papers: Diffusion and Settling in Ap/Bp Stars

Peculiar A stars are so named because they exhibit abundance peculiarities in their atmospheres. It is believed that these arise as a result of differentiation of chemical species in large magnetic spots in which convective mixing is…

The upper main sequence magnetic chemically peculiar (Ap) stars exhibit a non-uniform distribution of chemical elements across their surfaces and with height in their atmospheres. These inhomogeneities, responsible for the conspicuous…

Magnetic A stars represent about $5\%$ of the upper main sequence stars and exhibit highly ordered, very stable and often very strong magnetic fields. They frequently show both, brightness- and spectral line profile variations synchronised…

Stars with radiative envelopes, specifically the upper main sequence chemically peculiar (Ap) stars, were among the first objects outside our solar system for which surface magnetic fields have been detected. Currently magnetic Ap stars…

Numerical models for the atmospheres of magnetic ApBp stars have in the past dealt only with centred dipole magnetic field geometries. These models include atomic diffusion that stratifies the abundances of metals according to the local…

Among the A/B stars, about 5% host large-scale organised magnetic fields. These magnetic stars show also abundance anomalies in their spectra, and are therefore called the magnetic Ap/Bp stars. Most of these stars are also slow rotators…

The many peculiarities of Ap stars (not only chemical ones, but also magnetic field and slow rotation) may vary during the main-sequence evolution of these stars. We review here briefly the evidences found in the last thirty years for such…

Recently published empirical abundance maps, obtained through (Zeeman) Doppler mapping (ZDM), do not currently agree with the abundance structures predicted by means of numerical models of atomic diffusion in magnetic atmospheres of ApBp…

Ap star magnetism is often attributed to fossil magnetic fields which have not changed much since the pre-main-sequence epoch of the stars. Stable magnetic field configurations are known which could persist probably for the entire…

Magnetic fields on hot stars can produce a variety of interesting effects on the velocity, density, and temperature structure in the winds from the stars. The fields can produce a longitudinal dependence of the mass flux, which would lead…

Each time diffusion of elements is invoked in explaining abundance anomalies in a star, this supposes implicitly that a stratification process is in progress somewhere in that star. This means also, that the element abundances can still be…

We review the interaction in intermediate and high mass stars between their evolution and magnetic and chemical properties. We describe the theory of Ap-star `fossil' fields, before touching on the expected secular diffusive processes which…

The stars of the middle main sequence have relatively quiescent outer layers, and unusual chemical abundance patterns may develop in their atmospheres. The presence of chemical peculiarities reveal the action of such subsurface phenomena as…

Some Ap stars with strong magnetic fields pulsate in high order p-modes; they are called roAp (rapidly oscillating Ap) stars. The p-mode frequencies are modified by the magnetic fields. Although the large frequency separations are hardly…

New observational techniques and sophisticated modelling methods has led to dramatic breakthroughs in our understanding of the interplay between the surface magnetism, atomic diffusion and atmospheric dynamics in chemically peculiar stars.…

Pulsational variability is observed in several types of main sequence stars with anomalous chemical abundances. In this contribution I summarize the relationship between pulsations and chemical peculiarities, giving special emphasis to…

Recent observational and theoretical results emphasize the potential significance of magnetic fields for structure, evolution, and environment of massive stars. Depending on their spectral and photometric behavior, the upper main-sequence…

The discovery of exotic abundances, chemical inhomogeneities, and weak magnetic fields on the surface of late B-type primaries in spectroscopic binaries has important implications not only for our understanding of the formation mechanisms…

Aims. In order to better model massive B-type stars, we need to understand the physical processes taking place in slowly pulsating B (SPB) stars, chemically peculiar Bp stars, and non-pulsating normal B stars co-existing in the same part of…

In A- and late B-type stars, strong magnetic fields are always associated with Ap and Bp chemical peculiarities. However, it is not clear at what point in a star's evolution those peculiarities develop. Strong magnetic fields have been…