Related papers: Low-Mass Cluster Galaxies: A Cornerstone of Galaxy…
I summarize what is know about the evolution of galaxies in clusters from the observational point of view presenting results at high (z~1), intermediate (z~0.5) and low (z~0) redshifts. I comment on the comparison between observations and…
The analysis of the presence of substructures in 16 well-sampled clusters of galaxies suggests a stimulating hypothesis: Clusters could be classified as unimodal or bimodal, on the basis of to the sub-clump distribution in the {\em 3-D}…
We report on a uniform comparative analysis of the fundamental parameters of early-type galaxies at z~1 down to a well defined magnitude limit (M_B\leq -20.0 in the field and M_B\leq -20.5 in the clusters). The changes in the M/L_B ratio…
Current empirical evidence on the star-formation processes in the extreme, high-pressure environments induced by galaxy encounters (mostly based on high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope observations) strongly suggests that star CLUSTER…
In the first part of this article, we review observations of the mass and luminosity functions of young and old star cluster systems. We also review some of the physical processes that may determine the characteristic mass of globular…
Modern hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy formation are able to predict accurately the rates and locations of the assembly of giant molecular clouds in early galaxies. These clouds could host star clusters with the masses and sizes of real…
Most star complexes are in fact complexes of stars, clusters and gas clouds; term "star complexes" was introduced as general one disregarding the preferential content of a complex. Generally the high rate of star formation in a complex is…
At the present epoch, clusters of galaxies are known to be a hostile environment for emission-line galaxies, which are more commonly found in low density regions outside of clusters. In contrast, going to higher redshifts the population of…
We use two high resolution CDM simulations to show that (i) when clusters of galaxies form the infall pattern of matter is not random but shows clear features which are correlated in time; (ii) in addition, the infall patterns are…
We present a study on the clustering of a stellar mass selected sample of galaxies with stellar masses M*>10^10Msol at redshifts 0.4<z<2.0, taken from the Palomar Observatory Wide-field Infrared Survey. We examine the clustering properties…
Clusters of galaxies are the most massive objects in the Universe and precise knowledge of their mass structure is important to understand the history of structure formation and constrain still unknown types of dark contents of the…
Galaxy masses play a fundamental role in our understanding of structure formation models. This review addresses the variety and reliability of mass estimators that pertain to stars, gas, and dark matter. The different sections on masses…
Observations show that galaxies follow a mass-metallicity relation over a wide range of masses. One currently favoured explanation is that less massive galaxies are less able to retain the gas and stellar ejecta and thus may lose the…
Massive galaxies, such as nearby ellipticals, have relatively low number densities, yet they host the majority of the stellar mass in the universe. Understanding their origin is a central problem of galaxy formation. Age dating of stellar…
The standard cold dark matter plus cosmological constant model predicts that galaxies form within dark-matter haloes, and that low-mass galaxies are more dark-matter dominated than massive ones. The unexpected discovery of two low-mass…
Elliptical and S0 galaxies dominate the galaxy population in nearby rich clusters such as Coma. Studies of the evolution of the colors, M/L ratios, and line indices of early-type galaxies indicate that they have been a highly homogeneous,…
We briefly summarize our present knowledge of the theory of low-mass stars and substellar objects and their contribution to the Galactic population.
High-mass stars are commonly found in stellar clusters promoting the idea that their formation occurs due to the physical processes linked with a young stellar cluster. It has recently been reported that isolated high-mass stars are present…
Weak gravitational lensing of background galaxies provides a direct probe of the projected matter distribution in and around galaxy clusters. Here we present a self-contained pedagogical review of cluster--galaxy weak lensing, covering a…
In a galaxy cluster, galaxies are mostly collisionless particles in recent epoches. They resemble collisionless cold dark matter particles in some way. Therefore, the spatial distributions of dark matter and cluster galaxies might be…