Related papers: The Line Elements in the Hubble Expansion
Astronomers measure distances to faraway galaxies and their velocities. They do that in order to determine the expansion rate of the Universe. In Part I of these lectures the foundations of the theory of the expansion of the Universe was…
The evolution of matter in the expanding FRW universe during the time interval between the end of inflation and the beginning of the radiation-dominated era is studied. A constraint between the global geometry and total amount of matter in…
The Hubble constant $H_{0}$ and matter density $\Omega_{m}$ of the Universe are measured using the latest $\gamma$-ray attenuation results from Fermi-LAT and Cherenkov telescopes. This methodology is based upon the fact that the…
In this article, we introduce a new metric assuming an additional velocity-based term in a spacetime metric. Although the inclusion of this additional phrase can indicate that the Lorentz symmetry has broken, the results of null geodesics…
In general-relativistic cosmological models, the expansion history, matter content, and geometry are closely intertwined. In this brief paper, we clarify the distinction between the effects of geometry and expansion history on the…
The general world model for homogeneous and isotropic universe has been roposed. For this purpose, we introduce a global and fiducial system of reference (world reference frame) constructed on a 5-dimensional space-time that is embedding…
The product of two empirical constants, the dimensionless fine structure constant and the von Klitzing constant (an electrical resistance), turns out to be an exact dimensionless number. Then the accuracy and cosmological time variation (if…
We study the non-relativistic expansion of general relativity coupled to matter. This is done by expanding the metric and matter fields analytically in powers of $1/c^2$ where $c$ is the speed of light. In order to perform this expansion it…
In this paper we analyze the spacetime geometry due to a Schwarzschild object having uniform accelerated motion. In the beginning, we investigate the gravitational field due to a uniformly moving Schwarzschild object and obtain the…
The acceleration of the cosmic expansion has been discovered as a consequence of redshift Supernovae data. In the usual way, this cosmic acceleration is explained by the presence of a positive cosmological constant or quantum vacuum energy,…
A stationary line element of general relativity seems to be compatible to essential cosmological facts (though only as far as one can expect solving the nonlinear Einstein equations neglecting local cosmic evolution and all spatial…
The relativity of cosmic time is developed within the framework of Cosmological Relativity in five dimensions of space, time and velocity. A general linearized metric element is defined to have the form $ds^2 = (1+\phi) c^2 dt^2 - dr^2 +…
According to astrophysical observations value of recession velocity in a certain point is proportional to a distance to this point. The proportionality coefficient is the Hubble constant measured with 5% accuracy. It is used in many…
We prove here that Newtons universal gravitation and momentum conservation laws together reproduce Weinbergs relation. It is shown that the Hubble parameter H must be built in this relation, or equivalently the age of the Universe t. Using…
It has been demonstrated that a modern stage of the Universe expansion may be described in accordance with the observations within the scope of the space-time conformal geometry. The clock synchronization procedure in SR has been…
The possibility of having an extension of the cosmological standard model with a Hubble expansion rate $H$ constrained to a finite interval is considered. Two periods of accelerated expansion arise naturally when the Hubble expansion rate…
We study physical consequences of the Hubble expansion of FLRW manifold on measurement of space, time and light propagation in the local inertial frame. We analyse the solar system radar ranging and Doppler tracking experiments, and time…
The emergence of a highly improbable coincidence in cosmological observations speaks to a remarkably simple cosmic expansion. Compelling evidence now suggests that the Universe's gravitational horizon, coincident with the better known…
In this paper, we examine the accelerated expansion of the Universe at late-time in the framework of $f\left( Q\right) $ gravity theory in which the non-metricity scalar $Q$ describes the gravitational interaction. To this, we propose a new…
General relativity is a mathematical model that uses sophisticated geometry to describe simple physics. It agrees with experiment in the few tests that can be made, but the whole edifice is not physics. Instead of using observations to test…