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Radio telescopes observe extremely faint emission from astronomical objects, ranging from compact sources to large scale structures that can be seen across the whole sky. Satellites actively transmit at radio frequencies (particularly at…
In this paper, we review the impact of small sample statistics on detection thresholds and corresponding confidence levels (CLs) in high contrast imaging at small angles. When looking close to the star, the number of resolution elements…
We present the big-data challenges posed by the science operation of the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). Unlike the common usage of the word `big-data', which tend to emphasize both quantity and diversity, the…
Many scientific deliverables of the next generation low frequency radio telescopes require high dynamic range imaging. Next generation telescopes under construction indeed promise at least a ten-fold increase in the sensitivity compared…
The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) is a wide-field imaging system of unprecedented etendue. The initial goal of the project is to carry out a ten year imaging survey in six broad passbands (ugrizy) that cover $350 nm < \lambda < 1.1…
We describe a concept for an imaging spectrograph for a large orbiting observatory such as NASA's proposed Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) based on an imaging Fourier transform spectrograph (IFTS). An IFTS has several important…
In order to take full advantage of the U.S. Department of Energy's billion-dollar investments into the next-generation research infrastructure (e.g., exascale, light sources, colliders), advances are required not only in detector technology…
Most optical and IR spectra are now acquired using detectors with finite-width pixels in a square array. This paper examines the effects of such pixellation, using computed simulations to illustrate the effects which most concern the…
We describe a new software package for simulating channelised, high-time resolution data streams from radio telescopes. The software simulates data from the telescope and observing system taking into account the observation strategy,…
Measurement of the brightness temperature of extended radio emission demands knowledge of the gain (or aperture efficiency) of the telescope and measurement of the polarized component of the emission requires correction for the conversion…
Supersymmetry with heavy scalars is a model where at the LHC we have to rely on rate measurements to determine the parameters of the underlying new physics. For this example we show how to properly combine rate measurements with kinematic…
Particle physics experiments such as those run in the Large Hadron Collider result in huge quantities of data, which are boiled down to a few numbers from which it is hoped that a signal will be detected. We discuss a simple probability…
Frequency estimation from measurements corrupted by noise is a fundamental challenge across numerous engineering and scientific fields. Among the pivotal factors shaping the resolution capacity of any frequency estimation technique are…
The digital revolution is transforming astronomy from a data-starved to a data-submerged science. Instruments such as the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), and the Square Kilometer Array…
Identifying frequencies with low signal-to-noise ratios in time series of stellar photometry and spectroscopy, and measuring their amplitude ratios and peak widths accurately, are critical goals for asteroseismology. These are also…
The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will be the largest time-domain photometric survey ever. In order to maximize the LSST science yield for a broad array of transient stellar phenomena, it is necessary to optimize the survey…
The scientific motivation is reviewed for a next generation radio observatory operating at frequencies between about 200 MHz and 2 GHz with about 2 orders of magnitude greater sensitivity than that which is currently available, together…
The aim of this white paper is to discuss the observing strategies for the LSST Wide-Fast-Deep that would improve the study of blazars (emission variability, census, environment) and Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs). For blazars, these include the…
The rise of AI in telecommunications, from optimizing Radio Access Networks to managing user experience, has sharply increased data volumes and training demands. Telecom data is often noisy, high-dimensional, costly to store, process, and…
We have explored the optimal frequency of interstellar photon communications and benchmarked other particles as information carriers in previous papers of this series. We now compare the latency and bandwidth of sending probes with…