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Transmission spectrum surveys have suggested the ubiquity of high-altitude clouds in exoplanetary atmospheres. Theoretical studies have investigated the formation processes of the high-altitude clouds; however, cloud particles have been…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-03-18 Kazumasa Ohno , Satoshi Okuzumi , Ryo Tazaki

One significant difference between the atmospheres of stars and exoplanets is the presence of condensed particles (clouds or hazes) in the atmosphere of the latter. The main goal of this paper is to develop a self-consistent microphysical…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-11 A. Zsom , L. Kaltenegger , C. Goldblatt

The lowest-mass stars, brown dwarfs and extrasolar planets present challenges and opportunities for understanding dynamics and cloud formation processes in low-temperature atmospheres. For brown dwarfs, the formation, variation and rapid…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-14 Adam J. Burgasser

Brown dwarfs and giant gas extrasolar planets have cold atmospheres with a rich chemical compositions from which mineral cloud particles form. Their properties, like particle sizes and material composition, vary with height, and the mineral…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-06-22 Ch. Helling , P. B. Rimmer , I. M. Rodriguez-Barrera , Kenneth Wood , G. B. Robertson , C. R. Stark

This study employs a high-resolution (10m) System for Atmospheric Modeling (SAM) coupled with the Spectral Bin Microphysical (SBM) scheme to thoroughly investigate the processes governing the evolution of aerosol properties within and…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-05-28 Yael Arieli , Alexander Khain , Ehud Gavze , Orit Altaratz , Eshkol Eytan , Ilan Koren

Brown Dwarf atmosphere are a chemically extremely rich, one example being the formation of clouds driven by the phase-non-equilibrium of the atmospheric gas. Cloud formation modelling is an integral part of any atmosphere simulation used to…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2014-07-18 Christiane Helling

We present a Monte Carlo simulation designed to predict the vertical velocity dispersion of brown dwarfs in the Milky Way. We show that since these stars are constantly cooling, the velocity dispersion has a noticeable trend with spectral…

We show that contrary to what is expected from 1D stationary model atmospheres, 3D hydrodynamical modeling predicts a considerable influence of convection on the spectral properties of late-type giants. This is due to the fact that…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 A. Kucinskas , H. -G. Ludwig , P. H. Hauschildt

A simple model of irreversible aggregation under differential sedimentation of particles in a fluid is presented. The structure of the aggregates produced by this process is found to feed back on the dynamics in such a way as to stabilise…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 C. D. Westbrook , R. C. Ball , P. R. Field , A. J. Heymsfield

Atmospheric aerosols can consist of inorganic and organic substances, including surfactants at a significant concentration. Importantly, the latter can reduce the surface tension at the liquid-vapor surfaces, where they preferentially…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-10-21 Mateusz Denys , Piotr Deuar , Zhizhao Che , Panagiotis E. Theodorakis

Brown dwarfs and exoplanets provide unique atmospheric regimes that hold information about their formation routes and evolutionary states. Modelling mineral cloud particle formation is key to prepare for missions and instruments like…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-07-13 Dominic Samra , Christiane Helling , Tilman Birnstiel

We review several aspects of the calculation of exoplanet model atmospheres in the current era, with a focus on understanding the temperature-pressure profiles of atmospheres and their emitted spectra. Most of the focus is on gas giant…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-04-24 Jonathan J. Fortney

A numerical hydrodynamical model for the evolution of spherically symmetric collapsing clouds, designed for the calculation of the thermal structure of these objects in both the prestellar and protostellar stages of their evolution, is…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-06-23 Ya. N. Pavlyuchenkov , A. G. Zhilkin , E. I. Vorobyov , A. M. Fateeva

We present new calculations of Rosseland and Planck gaseous mean opacities relevant to the atmospheres of giant planets and ultracool dwarfs. Such calculations are used in modeling the atmospheres, interiors, formation, and evolution of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-28 Richard S. Freedman , Jacob Lustig-Yaeger , Jonathan J. Fortney , Roxana E. Lupu , Mark S. Marley , Katharina Lodders

In the present work, we investigate the potential of fractional derivatives to model atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. We propose simple fractional differential equation models for the steady state spatial distribution of concentration…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2017-02-22 A. G. O. Goulart , M. J. Lazo , J. M. S. Suarez , D. M. Moreira

Cosmic gas cycles in and out of galaxies, but outside of galaxies it is difficult to observe except for the absorption lines that circumgalactic clouds leave in the spectra of background quasars. Using photoionization modeling of those…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-07-10 G. M. Voit , M. Donahue , F. Zahedy , H. -W. Chen , J. Werk , G. L. Bryan , B. W. O'Shea

The supersaturation equation for a vertically moving adiabatic cloud parcel is analysed. The effects of turbulent updrafts are incorporated in the shape of a stochastic Lagrangian model, with spatial and time correlations expressed in terms…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-05-05 Manuel Santos Gutiérrez , Kalli Furtado

A physical model and two-dimensional numerical method for computing the evolution and spectra of protostellar clouds are described. The physical model is based on a system of magneto-gasdynamical equations, including ohmic and ambipolar…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-13 A. G. Zhilkin , Ya. N. Pavlyuchenkov , S. N. Zamozdra

We present virial models for the global evolution of giant molecular clouds. Focusing on the presence of an accretion flow, and accounting for the amount of mass, momentum, and energy supplied by accretion and star formation feedback, we…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-05-28 Nathan J. Goldbaum , Mark R. Krumholz , Christopher D. Matzner , Christopher F. McKee

Models of the zodiacal cloud's thermal emission and sporadic meteoroids suggest Jupiter-family comets (JFCs) as the dominant source of interplanetary dust. However, comet sublimation is insufficient to sustain the quantity of dust presently…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-12-15 Jessica K. Rigley , Mark C. Wyatt