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Related papers: Composition of UHE Cosmic Ray Primaries

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Several methods can be used to perform statistical inference of primary composition of cosmic rays measured with water Cerenkov detectors as those in use at the Pierre Auger Southern Observatory. In the present work we assess the impact of…

We describe a method to analyse inclined air showers produced by ultra high energy cosmic rays using an analytical description of the muon densities. We report the results obtained using data from inclined events…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 M. Ave , J. A. Hinton , R. A. Vazquez , A. A. Watson , E. Zas

Candidate astrophysical acceleration sites capable of producing the highest energy cosmic rays (E > 10^{19.5} eV) appear to be at far greater distances than is compatible with their being known particles. The properties of a new particle…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-30 Glennys R. Farrar

A major challenge in ground-based ultra-high-energy gamma-ray observations remains in discriminating sporadic gamma-ray signals from a huge background of cosmic-ray events. To achieve good discrimination power of gamma rays against protons,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-12-08 Animesh Basak , Meghamani Haldar , Kishor Chaudhury , Rajat K. Dey

On geological timescales, the Earth is likely to be exposed to an increased flux of high energy cosmic rays (HECRs) from astrophysical sources such as nearby supernovae, gamma ray bursts or by galactic shocks. Typical cosmic ray energies…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2011-05-10 Dimitra Atri , Adrian L. Melott

The origin of the ultra high energy cosmic ray (UHECR) showers has remained as a mystery among particle physicists and astrophysicists. In low scale gravity models, where the neutrino-nucleon cross section rises to typical hadronic values…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-11-07 Pankaj Jain , Supriya Kar , Sukanta Panda

On the basis of the scaling approach and CORSIKA simulations data the radial scale factor of lateral distribution of electrons in extensive air showers is confirmed as potentially effective primary mass estimator, and its sensitivity to…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-08-29 R. Raikin , T. Serebryakova , A. Lagutin , N. Volkov

Extensive air showers still are our only access to the highest-energy particles in the universe, namely cosmic-ray nuclei with energies up to several 100 EeV. Studying open questions in cosmic-ray physics, like their yet unknown origin…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-04-21 Frank G. Schröder

Very high energy cosmic rays are typically studied by measuring extensive air showers formed by secondary particles produced in collisions with air nuclei. The indirect character of the measurement makes the physics interpretation of cosmic…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2014-11-17 Ralph Engel

Studies of the composition of the highest energy cosmic rays with the Pierre Auger Observatory, including examination of hadronic physics effects on the structure of extensive air showers. Submissions to the 31st ICRC, Lodz, Poland (July…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2016-08-14 The Pierre Auger Collaboration , J. Abraham , P. Abreu , M. Aglietta , C. Aguirre , E. J. Ahn , D. Allard , I. Allekotte , J. Allen , J. Alvarez-Muñiz , M. Ambrosio , L. Anchordoqui , S. Andringa , A. Anzalone , C. Aramo , E. Arganda , S. Argirò , K. Arisaka , F. Arneodo , F. Arqueros , T. Asch , H. Asorey , P. Assis , J. Aublin , M. Ave , G. Avila , T. Bäcker , D. Badagnani , K. B. Barber , A. F. Barbosa , S. L. C. Barroso , B. Baughman , P. Bauleo , J. J. Beatty , T. Beau , B. R. Becker , K. H. Becker , A. Bellétoile , J. A. Bellido , S. BenZvi , C. Berat , P. Bernardini , X. Bertou , P. L. Biermann , P. Billoir , O. Blanch-Bigas , F. Blanco , C. Bleve , H. Blümer , M. Boháčová , D. Boncioli , C. Bonifazi , R. Bonino , N. Borodai , J. Brack , P. Brogueira , W. C. Brown , R. Bruijn , P. Buchholz , A. Bueno , R. E. Burton , N. G. Busca , K. S. Caballero-Mora , L. Caramete , R. Caruso , W. Carvalho , A. Castellina , O. Catalano , L. Cazon , R. Cester , J. Chauvin , A. Chiavassa , J. A. Chinellato , A. Chou , J. Chudoba , J. Chye , R. W. Clay , E. Colombo , R. Conceição , B. Connolly , F. Contreras , J. Coppens , A. Cordier , U. Cotti , S. Coutu , C. E. Covault , A. Creusot , A. Criss , J. Cronin , A. Curutiu , S. Dagoret-Campagne , R. Dallier , K. Daumiller , B. R. Dawson , R. M. de Almeida , M. De Domenico , C. De Donato , S. J. de Jong , G. De La Vega , W. J. M. de Mello Junior , J. R. T. de Mello Neto , I. De Mitri , V. de Souza , K. D. de Vries , G. Decerprit , L. del Peral , O. Deligny , A. Della Selva , C. Delle Fratte , H. Dembinski , C. DiGiulio , J. C. Diaz , P. N. Diep , C. Dobrigkeit , J. C. D'Olivo , P. N. Dong , A. Dorofeev , J. C. dos Anjos , M. T. Dova , D. D'Urso , I. Dutan , M. A. DuVernois , R. Engel , M. Erdmann , C. O. Escobar , A. Etchegoyen , P. Facal San Luis , H. Falcke , G. Farrar , A. C. Fauth , N. Fazzini , F. Ferrer , A. Ferrero , B. Fick , A. Filevich , A. Filipčič , I. Fleck , S. Fliescher , C. E. Fracchiolla , E. D. Fraenkel , W. Fulgione , R. F. Gamarra , S. Gambetta , B. García , D. GarcíaGámez , D. Garcia-Pinto , X. Garrido , G. Gelmini , H. Gemmeke , P. L. Ghia , U. Giaccari , M. Giller , H. Glass , L. M. Goggin , M. S. Gold , G. Golup , F. Gomez Albarracin , M. Gómez Berisso , P. Gonçalves , M. Gonçalves do Amaral , D. Gonzalez , J. G. Gonzalez , D. Góra , A. Gorgi , P. Gouffon , S. R. Gozzini , E. Grashorn , S. Grebe , M. Grigat , A. F. Grillo , Y. Guardincerri , F. Guarino , G. P. Guedes , J. Gutiérrez , J. D. Hague , V. Halenka , P. Hansen , D. Harari , S. Harmsma , J. L. Harton , A. Haungs , M. D. Healy , T. Hebbeker , G. Hebrero , D. Heck , C. Hojvat , V. C. Holmes , P. Homola , J. R. Hörandel , A. Horneffer , M. Hrabovský , T. Huege , M. Hussain , M. Iarlori , A. Insolia , F. Ionita , A. Italiano , S. Jiraskova , M. Kaducak , K. H. Kampert , T. Karova , P. Kasper , B. Kégl , B. Keilhauer , E. Kemp , R. M. Kieckhafer , H. O. Klages , M. Kleifges , J. Kleinfeller , R. Knapik , J. Knapp , D. -H. Koang , A. Krieger , O. Krömer , D. Kruppke-Hansen , F. Kuehn , D. Kuempel , K. Kulbartz , N. Kunka , A. Kusenko , G. LaRosa , C. Lachaud , B. L. Lago , P. Lautridou , M. S. A. B. Leão , D. Lebrun , P. Lebrun , J. Lee , M. A. Leigui de Oliveira , A. Lemiere , A. Letessier-Selvon , M. Leuthold , I. Lhenry-Yvon , R. López , A. Lopez Agüera , K. Louedec , J. Lozano Bahilo , A. Lucero , H. Lyberis , M. C. Maccarone , C. Macolino , S. Maldera , D. Mandat , P. Mantsch , A. G. Mariazzi , I. C. Maris , H. R. Marquez Falcon , D. Martello , O. Martínez Bravo , H. J. Mathes , J. Matthews , J. A. J. Matthews , G. Matthiae , D. Maurizio , P. O. Mazur , M. McEwen , R. R. McNeil , G. Medina-Tanco , M. Melissas , D. Melo , E. Menichetti , A. Menshikov , R. Meyhandan , M. I. Micheletti , G. Miele , W. Miller , L. Miramonti , S. Mollerach , M. Monasor , D. Monnier Ragaigne , F. Montanet , B. Morales , C. Morello , J. C. Moreno , C. Morris , M. Mostafá , C. A. Moura , S. Mueller , M. A. Muller , R. Mussa , G. Navarra , J. L. Navarro , S. Navas , P. Necesal , L. Nellen , C. Newman-Holmes , D. Newton , P. T. Nhung , N. Nierstenhoefer , D. Nitz , D. Nosek , L. Nožka , M. Nyklicek , J. Oehlschläger , A. Olinto , P. Oliva , V. M. Olmos-Gilbaja , M. Ortiz , N. Pacheco , D. Pakk Selmi-Dei , M. Palatka , J. Pallotta , G. Parente , E. Parizot , S. Parlati , S. Pastor , M. Patel , T. Paul , V. Pavlidou , K. Payet , M. Pech , J. Pȩkala , I. M. Pepe , L. Perrone , R. Pesce , E. Petermann , S. Petrera , P. Petrinca , A. Petrolini , Y. Petrov , J. Petrovic , C. Pfendner , R. Piegaia , T. Pierog , M. Pimenta , T. Pinto , V. Pirronello , O. Pisanti , M. Platino , J. Pochon , V. H. Ponce , M. Pontz , P. Privitera , M. Prouza , E. J. Quel , J. Rautenberg , O. Ravel , D. Ravignani , A. Redondo , B. Revenu , F. A. S. Rezende , J. Ridky , S. Riggi , M. Risse , C. Rivière , V. Rizi , C. Robledo , G. Rodriguez , J. Rodriguez Martino , J. Rodriguez Rojo , I. Rodriguez-Cabo , M. D. Rodríguez-Frías , G. Ros , J. Rosado , T. Rossler , M. Roth , B. Rouillé-d'Orfeuil , E. Roulet , A. C. Rovero , F. Salamida , H. Salazar , G. Salina , F. Sánchez , M. Santander , C. E. Santo , E. M. Santos , F. Sarazin , S. Sarkar , R. Sato , N. Scharf , V. Scherini , H. Schieler , P. Schiffer , A. Schmidt , F. Schmidt , T. Schmidt , O. Scholten , H. Schoorlemmer , J. Schovancova , P. Schovánek , F. Schroeder , S. Schulte , F. Schüssler , D. Schuster , S. J. Sciutto , M. Scuderi , A. Segreto , D. Semikoz , M. Settimo , R. C. Shellard , I. Sidelnik , B. B. Siffert , G. Sigl , A. Śmiałkowski , R. Šmída , B. E. Smith , G. R. Snow , P. Sommers , J. Sorokin , H. Spinka , R. Squartini , E. Strazzeri , A. Stutz , F. Suarez , T. Suomijärvi , A. D. Supanitsky , M. S. Sutherland , J. Swain , Z. Szadkowski , A. Tamashiro , A. Tamburro , T. Tarutina , O. Taşcău , R. Tcaciuc , D. Tcherniakhovski , D. Tegolo , N. T. Thao , D. Thomas , R. Ticona , J. Tiffenberg , C. Timmermans , W. Tkaczyk , C. J. Todero Peixoto , B. Tomé , A. Tonachini , I. Torres , P. Travnicek , D. B. Tridapalli , G. Tristram , E. Trovato , M. Tueros , R. Ulrich , M. Unger , M. Urban , J. F. Valdés Galicia , I. Valiño , L. Valore , A. M. vandenBerg , J. R. Vázquez , R. A. Vázquez , D. Veberič , A. Velarde , T. Venters , V. Verzi , M. Videla , L. Villaseñor , S. Vorobiov , L. Voyvodic , H. Wahlberg , P. Wahrlich , O. Wainberg , D. Warner , A. A. Watson , S. Westerhoff , B. J. Whelan , G. Wieczorek , L. Wiencke , B. Wilczyńska , H. Wilczyński , C. Wileman , M. G. Winnick , H. Wu , B. Wundheiler , T. Yamamoto , P. Younk , G. Yuan , A. Yushkov , E. Zas , D. Zavrtanik , M. Zavrtanik , I. Zaw , A. Zepeda , M. Ziolkowski

We investigate the physical mechanism of the GZ-effect that could explain the production of multiple primaries from an event initiated outside the Earth's atmosphere. In this case, there would correspondingly be multiple extensive air…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Giovanni Imponente , Gabriella Sartorelli

We critically review the common belief that ultrahigh energy cosmic rays are protons or atomic nuclei with masses not exceeding that of iron. We find that heavier nuclei are indeed possible, and discuss possible sources and acceleration…

Astrophysics · Physics 2010-01-15 L. A. Anchordoqui , M. T. Dova , T. P. McCauley , T. Paul , S. Reucroft , J. D. Swain

The atmospheric depth where the energy deposit profile of secondary particles from extensive air showers (EAS) reaches its maximum, $X_{\rm max}$, is related to the primary particle mass. The mass composition of the ultra-high energy cosmic…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-02-19 Nicusor Arsene , Octavian Sima

Surface detector arrays are designed to measure the spectrum and composition of high-energy cosmic rays by detecting the secondary particle flux of the Extensive Air Showers (EAS) induced by the primary cosmic rays. Electromagnetic…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Fabian Schmidt , Maximo Ave , Lorenzo Cazon , Aaron Chou

Our Galaxy is the largest nuclear interaction experiment which we know, because of the interaction between cosmic ray particles and the interstellar material. Cosmic rays are particles, which have been accelerated in the Galaxy or in…

Astrophysics · Physics 2011-04-15 Peter L. Biermann

We discuss the electromagnetic collisions of high energy protons, pions and kaons with atmospheric nuclei. In particular, we use the equivalent photon approximation to estimate (i) the diffractive collisions where the projectile scatters…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-09-08 Manuel Masip , Ivan Rosario , Sergio J. Sciutto

We report on the first results obtained with the IceTop air shower array on the cosmic ray energy spectrum and mass composition in the range of 1 PeV to 80 PeV. IceTop is the surface detector of the IceCube neutrino telescope currently…

Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-13 Hermann Kolanoski

At high energy, cosmic rays can only be studied by measuring the extensive air showers they produce in the atmosphere of the Earth. Although the main features of air showers can be understood within a simple model of successive…

Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-24 T. Pierog , R. Engel , D. Heck

The most recent experimental results on the cosmic ray composition and energy spectrum above 1 TeV are reviewed and discussed. All data agree on the presence of the so-called ``knee'' at an energy E(knee) = 3-4 PeV; the knee is seen in all…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 A. Castellina