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With the success of large language models (LLMs), integrating the vision model into LLMs to build vision-language foundation models has gained much more interest recently. However, existing LLM-based large multimodal models (e.g.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Bo He , Hengduo Li , Young Kyun Jang , Menglin Jia , Xuefei Cao , Ashish Shah , Abhinav Shrivastava , Ser-Nam Lim

Multimodal large language models have recently achieved remarkable progress in video question answering (VideoQA) by jointly processing visual, textual, and audio information. However, it remains unclear which video representations are most…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Zhi Li , Yanan Wang , Hao Niu , Julio Vizcarra , Masato Taya

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) achieve strong multimodal understanding, but their inference cost grows rapidly with the number of visual tokens, especially for high-resolution images and long videos. Existing attention-based methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Hongyu Lu , Feng Zhang , Wenwei Jin , Huanling Hu , Tianjun Shi , Shikai Jiang , Yao Hu , Jiawei Li

Video Large Language Models (Video-LLMs) have shown strong video understanding, yet their application to long-form videos remains constrained by limited context windows. A common workaround is to compress long videos into a handful of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yun Wang , Long Zhang , Jingren Liu , Jiaqi Yan , Zhanjie Zhang , Jiahao Zheng , Ao Ma , Run Ling , Xun Yang , Dapeng Wu , Xiangyu Chen , Xuelong Li

The key-value (KV) cache is a primary memory bottleneck in Transformers. We propose Low-Rank Key-Value (LRKV) attention, which reduces KV cache memory by exploiting redundancy across attention heads, while being compute efficient. Each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 James O'Neill , Robert Clancy , Mariia Matskevichus , Fergal Reid

Long video question answering is a challenging task that involves recognizing short-term activities and reasoning about their fine-grained relationships. State-of-the-art video Large Language Models (vLLMs) hold promise as a viable solution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Reuben Tan , Ximeng Sun , Ping Hu , Jui-hsien Wang , Hanieh Deilamsalehy , Bryan A. Plummer , Bryan Russell , Kate Saenko

While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have shown promise in textual understanding, they face significant challenges when handling long context and complex reasoning tasks. In this paper, we dissect the internal mechanisms governing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Rongcan Pei , Huan Li , Fang Guo , Qi Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) rely on key-value (KV) caches for efficient autoregressive decoding; however, cache size grows linearly with context length and model depth, becoming a major bottleneck in long-context inference. Prior KV cache…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Dmitry Akulov , Mohamed Sana , Antonio De Domenico , Tareq Si Salem , Nicola Piovesan , Fadhel Ayed

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown strong performance on offline video understanding, but most are limited to offline inference or have weak online reasoning, making multi-turn interaction over continuously arriving video…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Lu Wang , Zhuoran Jin , Yupu Hao , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Yulong Ao , Jun Zhao

Taking advantage of large-scale data and pretrained language models, Video Large Language Models (Video-LLMs) have shown strong capabilities in answering video questions. However, most existing efforts focus on improving performance, with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Chenhui Gou , Ziyu Ma , Zicheng Duan , Haoyu He , Feng Chen , Akide Liu , Bohan Zhuang , Jianfei Cai , Hamid Rezatofighi

Attention mechanisms underpin the success of large language models (LLMs), yet their substantial computational and memory overhead poses challenges for optimizing efficiency and performance. A critical bottleneck arises as KV cache and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Luoyang Sun , Cheng Deng , Jiwen Jiang , Xinjian Wu , Haifeng Zhang , Lei Chen , Lionel Ni , Jun Wang

Vision-language models (VLMs) could power real-time assistants and autonomous agents, but they face a critical challenge: understanding near-infinite video streams without escalating latency and memory usage. Processing entire videos with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Ruyi Xu , Guangxuan Xiao , Yukang Chen , Liuning He , Kelly Peng , Yao Lu , Song Han

Multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) models have made significant progress in video understanding over the past few years. However, processing long video inputs remains a major challenge due to high memory and computational costs. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Minghao Qin , Xiangrui Liu , Zhengyang Liang , Yan Shu , Huaying Yuan , Juenjie Zhou , Shitao Xiao , Bo Zhao , Zheng Liu

KV cache pruning has emerged as a promising technique for reducing memory and computation costs in long-context auto-regressive generation. Existing methods for vision-language models (VLMs) typically rely on self-attention scores from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Xiaohuan Pei , Tao Huang , Chang Xu

The per-token cost of transformer inference scales with context length, preventing its application to lifelong in-context learning. Linear attention is an efficient alternative that maintains a constant memory footprint, even on infinite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Luke McDermott , Robert W. Heath , Rahul Parhi

Video large language models (VideoLLMs) show strong capability in video understanding, yet long-context inference is still dominated by massive redundant visual tokens in the prefill stage. We revisit token compression for VideoLLMs under a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Xinying Lin , Xuyang Liu , Yiyu Wang , Teng Ma , Wenqi Ren

KV cache has traditionally been stored in GPU memory to accelerate the decoding phase of large language model (LLM) inference. However, it is increasingly necessary to move KV caches outside GPU devices, to enable cache reuse across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Yuhan Liu , Yihua Cheng , Jiayi Yao , Yuwei An , Xiaokun Chen , Shaoting Feng , Yuyang Huang , Samuel Shen , Rui Zhang , Kuntai Du , Junchen Jiang

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) is often hindered by the extensive memory requirements of the Key-Value (KV) cache, especially as context lengths increase. Existing approaches to reduce the KV cache size involve either…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Alessio Devoto , Yu Zhao , Simone Scardapane , Pasquale Minervini

The advent of real-time large multimodal models (LMMs) like GPT-4o has sparked considerable interest in efficient LMMs. LMM frameworks typically encode visual inputs into vision tokens (continuous representations) and integrate them and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Shaolei Zhang , Qingkai Fang , Zhe Yang , Yang Feng

The escalating context length in Large Language Models (LLMs) creates a severe performance bottleneck around the Key-Value (KV) cache, whose memory-bound nature leads to significant GPU under-utilization. This paper introduces Mixture of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Myunghyun Rhee , Sookyung Choi , Euiseok Kim , Joonseop Sim , Youngpyo Joo , Hoshik Kim
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