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Large vision-language models (VLMs) show strong multimodal understanding but still struggle with 3D spatial reasoning, such as distance estimation, size comparison, and cross-view consistency. Existing 3D-aware methods either depend on…

Large vision-and-language models (VLMs) trained to match images with text on large-scale datasets of image-text pairs have shown impressive generalization ability on several vision and language tasks. Several recent works, however, showed…

Recent advances in LVLMs have improved vision-language understanding, but they still struggle with spatial perception, limiting their ability to reason about complex 3D scenes. Unlike previous approaches that incorporate 3D representations…

Recent work explores new opportunities at the intersection of vision-language-action models (VLAs) and geometric foundation models (GFMs) for 3D reconstruction, such as VGGT. While the resulting geometric VLAs often show improved…

An embodied AI assistant operating on egocentric video must integrate spatial cues across time - for instance, determining where an object A, glimpsed a few moments ago lies relative to an object B encountered later. We introduce…

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have made impressive progress in connecting vision and language, but they still struggle with spatial understanding and viewpoint-aware reasoning. Recent efforts aim to augment the input…

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models often fail to generalize to unseen camera viewpoints, a limitation stemming from their difficulty in inferring robust 3D geometry from 2D images. We introduce GeoAware-VLA, a simple yet effective approach…

Precise spatial reasoning is fundamental to robotic manipulation, yet the visual backbones of current vision-language-action (VLA) models are predominantly pretrained on 2D image data without explicit 3D geometric supervision, resulting in…

Effectively understanding urban scenes requires fine-grained spatial reasoning about objects, layouts, and depth cues. However, how well current vision-language models (VLMs), pretrained on general scenes, transfer these abilities to urban…

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) exhibit impressive capabilities across a variety of tasks, especially when equipped with carefully designed visual prompts. However, existing studies primarily focus on logical reasoning and visual…

Spatial reasoning -- the ability to perceive and reason about relationships in space -- advances vision-language models (VLMs) from visual perception toward spatial semantic understanding. Existing approaches either revisit local image…

Vision-language models (VLMs) have shown promise in earth observation (EO), yet they struggle with tasks that require grounding complex spatial reasoning in precise pixel-level visual representations. To address this problem, we introduce…

Establishing dense correspondence across 3D shapes is crucial for fundamental downstream tasks, including texture transfer, shape interpolation, and robotic manipulation. However, learning these mappings without manual supervision remains a…

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) excel at 2D tasks such as grounding and captioning, yet remain limited in 3D understanding. A key limitation is their text-only supervision paradigm, which under-constrains fine-grained visual perception and…

Spatial reasoning and visual grounding are core capabilities for vision-language models (VLMs), yet most medical VLMs produce predictions without transparent reasoning or spatial evidence. Existing benchmarks also evaluate VLMs on isolated…

While vision language models (VLMs) excel in 2D semantic visual understanding, their ability to quantitatively reason about 3D spatial relationships remains under-explored, due to the deficiency of 2D images' spatial representation ability.…

Object-level Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM), which incorporates semantic information for high-level scene understanding, faces challenges of under-constrained optimization due to sparse observations. Prior work has introduced…

While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success in 2D visual understanding, their ability to reason about 3D space remains limited. To address this gap, we introduce geometrically referenced 3D scene…

Vision-language models (VLMs) have advanced multimodal reasoning but still face challenges in spatial reasoning for 3D scenes and complex object configurations. To address this, we introduce SpatialViLT, an enhanced VLM that integrates…

Visual Spatial Reasoning is crucial for enabling Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to understand object properties and spatial relationships, yet current models still struggle with 3D-aware reasoning. Existing approaches typically…