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The behaviour of neural network components must be proven correct before deployment in safety-critical systems. Unfortunately, existing neural network verification techniques cannot certify the absence of faults at the software level. In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Edoardo Manino , Bruno Farias , Rafael Sá Menezes , Fedor Shmarov , Lucas C. Cordeiro

Probabilistic verification problems of neural networks are concerned with formally analysing the output distribution of a neural network under a probability distribution of the inputs. Examples of probabilistic verification problems include…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 David Boetius , Stefan Leue , Tobias Sutter

Neural networks are increasingly applied to support decision making in safety-critical applications (like autonomous cars, unmanned aerial vehicles and face recognition based authentication). While many impressive static verification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Guoliang Dong , Jun Sun , Jingyi Wang , Xinyu Wang , Ting Dai

In this paper, we consider the problem of certifying the robustness of neural networks to perturbed and adversarial input data. Such certification is imperative for the application of neural networks in safety-critical decision-making and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-21 Brendon G. Anderson , Ziye Ma , Jingqi Li , Somayeh Sojoudi

Inspired by recent successes with parallel optimization techniques for solving Boolean satisfiability, we investigate a set of strategies and heuristics that aim to leverage parallel computing to improve the scalability of neural network…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-08-24 Haoze Wu , Alex Ozdemir , Aleksandar Zeljić , Ahmed Irfan , Kyle Julian , Divya Gopinath , Sadjad Fouladi , Guy Katz , Corina Pasareanu , Clark Barrett

Formal verification has emerged as a powerful approach to ensure the safety and reliability of deep neural networks. However, current verification tools are limited to only a handful of properties that can be expressed as first-order…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Xuan Xie , Kristian Kersting , Daniel Neider

This paper presents for the first time, to our knowledge, a framework for verifying neural network behavior in power system applications. Up to this moment, neural networks have been applied in power systems as a black-box; this has…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-31 Andreas Venzke , Spyros Chatzivasileiadis

Researchers have developed neural network verification algorithms motivated by the need to characterize the robustness of deep neural networks. The verifiers aspire to answer whether a neural network guarantees certain properties with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Kai Jia , Martin Rinard

Neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, i.e., small input perturbations can significantly affect the outputs of a neural network. Therefore, to ensure safety of neural networks in safety-critical environments, the robustness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Lukas Koller , Tobias Ladner , Matthias Althoff

Many neural network (NN) verification systems represent the network's input-output relation as a constraint program. Sound and complete, representations involve integer constraints, for simulating the activations. Recent works convexly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Merkouris Papamichail , Konstantinos Varsos , Giorgos Flouris , João Marques-Silva

In the last decade, a large body of work has emerged on robustness of neural networks, i.e., checking if the decision remains unchanged when the input is slightly perturbed. However, most of these approaches ignore the confidence of a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Mohammad Afzal , S. Akshay , Blaise Genest , Ashutosh Gupta

Deep neural network (DNN) verification is an emerging field, with diverse verification engines quickly becoming available. Demonstrating the effectiveness of these engines on real-world DNNs is an important step towards their wider…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Sumathi Gokulanathan , Alexander Feldsher , Adi Malca , Clark Barrett , Guy Katz

We present the first automated verification technique for confidence-based 2-safety properties, such as global robustness and global fairness, in deep neural networks (DNNs). Our approach combines self-composition to leverage existing…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Anagha Athavale , Ezio Bartocci , Maria Christakis , Matteo Maffei , Dejan Nickovic , Georg Weissenbacher

Verification of machine learning models used in Natural Language Processing (NLP) is known to be a hard problem. In particular, many known neural network verification methods that work for computer vision and other numeric datasets do not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Marco Casadio , Luca Arnaboldi , Matthew L. Daggitt , Omri Isac , Tanvi Dinkar , Daniel Kienitz , Verena Rieser , Ekaterina Komendantskaya

Tight and efficient neural network bounding is crucial to the scaling of neural network verification systems. Many efficient bounding algorithms have been presented recently, but they are often too loose to verify more challenging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Alessandro De Palma , Harkirat Singh Behl , Rudy Bunel , Philip H. S. Torr , M. Pawan Kumar

We study the problem of formal verification of Binarized Neural Networks (BNN), which have recently been proposed as a energy-efficient alternative to traditional learning networks. The verification of BNNs, using the reduction to hardware…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-01-22 Chih-Hong Cheng , Georg Nührenberg , Chung-Hao Huang , Harald Ruess

Neural networks (NNs) are increasingly applied in safety-critical systems such as autonomous vehicles. However, they are fragile and are often ill-behaved. Consequently, their behaviors should undergo rigorous guarantees before deployment…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Zhen Liang , Dejin Ren , Wanwei Liu , Ji Wang , Wenjing Yang , Bai Xue

Deep neural networks are widely used for nonlinear function approximation with applications ranging from computer vision to control. Although these networks involve the composition of simple arithmetic operations, it can be very challenging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Changliu Liu , Tomer Arnon , Christopher Lazarus , Christopher Strong , Clark Barrett , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Neural network verifiers aim to provide formal guarantees on model behavior, but existing verification benchmarks are fundamentally limited by their lack of ground-truth labels. As a result, verifier evaluation relies on indirect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 David Troxell , Yulia Alexandr , Sofia Hunt , Stephanie Lei , Guido Montúfar

Neural networks with high performance can still be biased towards non-relevant features. However, reliability and robustness is especially important for high-risk fields such as clinical pain treatment. We therefore propose a verification…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-26 Ines Rieger , Rene Kollmann , Bettina Finzel , Dominik Seuss , Ute Schmid