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As Large Language Models (LLMs) grow increasingly powerful, multi-agent systems are becoming more prevalent in modern AI applications. Most safety research, however, has focused on vulnerabilities in single-agent LLMs. These include prompt…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Donghyun Lee , Mo Tiwari

During fine-tuning, large language models (LLMs) are increasingly vulnerable to data-poisoning backdoor attacks, which compromise their reliability and trustworthiness. However, existing defense strategies suffer from limited…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Shuai Zhao , Xinyi Wu , Shiqian Zhao , Xiaobao Wu , Zhongliang Guo , Yanhao Jia , Anh Tuan Luu

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have become increasingly prevalent across various real-world applications. They enhance decision-making by storing private user-agent interactions in the memory module for demonstrations, introducing new…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Bo Wang , Weiyi He , Shenglai Zeng , Zhen Xiang , Yue Xing , Jiliang Tang , Pengfei He

Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF) is a methodology designed to align Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences, playing an important role in LLMs alignment. Despite its advantages, RLHF relies on human annotators…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Jiongxiao Wang , Junlin Wu , Muhao Chen , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik , Chaowei Xiao

Recently, Large Language Model (LLM)-empowered recommender systems (RecSys) have brought significant advances in personalized user experience and have attracted considerable attention. Despite the impressive progress, the research question…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Liang-bo Ning , Shijie Wang , Wenqi Fan , Qing Li , Xin Xu , Hao Chen , Feiran Huang

Large Language Model (LLM) Agents are an emerging computing paradigm that blends generative machine learning with tools such as code interpreters, web browsing, email, and more generally, external resources. These agent-based systems…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Xiaohan Fu , Shuheng Li , Zihan Wang , Yihao Liu , Rajesh K. Gupta , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick , Earlence Fernandes

For LLM agents, memory management critically impacts efficiency, quality, and security. While much research focuses on retention, selective forgetting--inspired by human cognitive processes (hippocampal indexing/consolidation theory and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yingjie Gu , Wenjian Xiong , Liqiang Wang , Pengcheng Ren , Chao Li , Xiaojing Zhang , Yijuan Guo , Qi Sun , Jingyao Ma , Shidang Shi

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) in multi-agent systems has highlighted their impressive capabilities in various applications, such as collaborative problem-solving and autonomous negotiation. However, the security…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Tianjie Ju , Yiting Wang , Xinbei Ma , Pengzhou Cheng , Haodong Zhao , Yulong Wang , Lifeng Liu , Jian Xie , Zhuosheng Zhang , Gongshen Liu

The recent advent of large language models (LLM) has resulted in high-performing conversational agents such as chatGPT. These agents must remember key information from an ongoing conversation to provide responses that are contextually…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Ziheng Huang , Sebastian Gutierrez , Hemanth Kamana , Stephen MacNeil

Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly operate in settings where a single context window is far too small to capture what has happened, what was learned, and what should not be repeated. Memory -- the ability to persist, organize,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Pengfei Du

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly augmented with long-term memory systems to overcome finite context windows and enable persistent reasoning across interactions. However, recent research finds that LLMs become more vulnerable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Mitchell Piehl , Zhaohan Xi , Zuobin Xiong , Pan He , Muchao Ye

Memory-augmented Large Language Models (LLMs) are essential for developing capable, long-term AI agents. Recently, applying Reinforcement Learning (RL) to optimize memory operations, such as extraction, updating, and retrieval, has emerged…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Ziliang Guo , Ziheng Li , Bo Tang , Feiyu Xiong , Zhiyu Li

Existing backdoor attacks on Large Language Model-based agents remain stateless, executing fixed behaviors confined to a single session. We propose a stateful agent backdoor that extends the attack lifecycle across multiple sessions under…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Zhengchunmin Dai , Jiaxiong Tang , Liantao Wu , Peng Sun , Honglong Chen

Goal hijacking is a type of adversarial attack on Large Language Models (LLMs) where the objective is to manipulate the model into producing a specific, predetermined output, regardless of the user's original input. In goal hijacking, an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Zheng Chen , Buhui Yao

Agent hijacking, highlighted by OWASP as a critical threat to the Large Language Model (LLM) ecosystem, enables adversaries to manipulate execution by injecting malicious instructions into retrieved content. Most existing attacks rely on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Xinhao Deng , Jiaqing Wu , Miao Chen , Yue Xiao , Ke Xu , Qi Li

In the field of natural language processing, the prevalent approach involves fine-tuning pretrained language models (PLMs) using local samples. Recent research has exposed the susceptibility of PLMs to backdoor attacks, wherein the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Ruixiang Tang , Jiayi Yuan , Yiming Li , Zirui Liu , Rui Chen , Xia Hu

Long-term conversational agents must decide which turns to store in external memory, yet recent systems rely on autoregressive LLM generation at every turn to make that decision. We present MemRouter, a write-side memory router that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Tianyu Hu , Weikai Lin , Weizhi Zhang , Jing Ma , Song Wang

Prompt injection attack, where an attacker injects a prompt into the original one, aiming to make an Large Language Model (LLM) follow the injected prompt to perform an attacker-chosen task, represent a critical security threat. Existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Zedian Shao , Hongbin Liu , Jaden Mu , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

The rapid evolution of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) has catalyzed unprecedented capabilities in artificial intelligence; however, this continuous modal expansion has inadvertently exposed a vastly broadened and unconstrained adversarial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Jianhao Chen , Haoyang Chen , Hanjie Zhao , Haozhe Liang , Tieyun Qian

We introduce MemLineage, a defense for LLM agent memory that attaches both cryptographic provenance and LLM-mediated derivation lineage to every entry. Recent and concurrent work shows that untrusted content can be written into persistent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Ciyan Ouyang , Rui Hou