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Related papers: Verifiable Rewards Beyond Math and Code: Lightweig…

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Recent advances such as DeepSeek R1-Zero highlight the effectiveness of incentive training, a reinforcement learning paradigm that computes rewards solely based on the final answer part of a language model's output, thereby encouraging the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Wei Liu , Siya Qi , Xinyu Wang , Chen Qian , Yali Du , Yulan He

While reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has advanced LLM reasoning in structured domains like mathematics and programming, its application to general-domain reasoning tasks remains challenging due to the absence of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Wenlin Zhong , Chengyuan Liu , Yiquan Wu , Bovin Tan , Changlong Sun , Yi Wang , Xiaozhong Liu , Kun Kuang

Code verifiers play a critical role in post-verification for LLM-based code generation, yet existing supervised fine-tuning methods suffer from data scarcity, high failure rates, and poor inference efficiency. While reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Ji Shi , Peiming Guo , Meishan Zhang , Miao Zhang , Xuebo Liu , Min Zhang , Weili Guan

Step-by-step verifiers -- also known as process reward models (PRMs) -- are a key ingredient for test-time scaling. PRMs require step-level supervision, making them expensive to train. This work aims to build data-efficient PRMs as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Muhammad Khalifa , Rishabh Agarwal , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Jaekyeom Kim , Hao Peng , Moontae Lee , Honglak Lee , Lu Wang

Answer verification methods are widely employed in language model training pipelines spanning data curation, evaluation, and reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR). While prior work focus on developing unified verifiers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Ruixiang Feng , Zhenwei An , Yuntao Wen , Ran Le , Yiming Jia , Chen Yang , Zongchao Chen , Lisi Chen , Shen Gao , Shuo Shang , Yang Song , Tao Zhang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has significantly advanced the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) and is now being applied to Vision-Language Models (VLMs). However, vanilla RLVR for VLMs verifies…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Chi Zhang , Haibo Qiu , Qiming Zhang , Yufei Xu , Zhixiong Zeng , Siqi Yang , Peng Shi , Lin Ma , Jing Zhang

Trustworthy verifiers are essential for the success of reinforcement learning with verifiable reward (RLVR), which is the core methodology behind various large reasoning models such as DeepSeek-R1. In complex domains like mathematical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yuzhen Huang , Weihao Zeng , Xingshan Zeng , Qi Zhu , Junxian He

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards(RLVR) has demonstrated great potential in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, its success has thus far been largely confined to the mathematical and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Mengyu Zhang , Siyu Ding , Weichong Yin , Yu Sun , Hua Wu

Recent advancements in reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) have significantly improved the complex reasoning ability of vision-language models (VLMs). However, its outcome-level supervision is too coarse to diagnose and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yingqian Min , Kun Zhou , Yifan Li , Yuhuan Wu , Han Peng , Yifan Du , Wayne Xin Zhao , Min Yang , Ji-Rong Wen

Answer verification is crucial not only for evaluating large language models (LLMs) by matching their unstructured outputs against standard answers, but also serves as the reward model to guide LLM optimization. Most evaluation frameworks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Shudong Liu , Hongwei Liu , Junnan Liu , Linchen Xiao , Songyang Gao , Chengqi Lyu , Yuzhe Gu , Wenwei Zhang , Derek F. Wong , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has advanced LLM reasoning, but remains constrained by inefficient exploration under limited rollout budgets, leading to low sampling success and unstable training in complex tasks. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yiju Guo , Tianyi Hu , Zexu Sun , Yankai Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) show great promise in complex reasoning, with Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) being a key enhancement strategy. However, a prevalent issue is ``superficial self-reflection'', where models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Xiaoyuan Liu , Tian Liang , Zhiwei He , Jiahao Xu , Wenxuan Wang , Pinjia He , Zhaopeng Tu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

A promising approach for improving reasoning in large language models is to use process reward models (PRMs). PRMs provide feedback at each step of a multi-step reasoning trace, potentially improving credit assignment over outcome reward…

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly rely on external tools such as search engines to solve complex agentic tasks that require reasoning and external knowledge retrieval. Recently, reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Peiran Xu , Zhuohao Li , Xiaoying Xing , Guannan Zhang , Debiao Li , Kunyu Shi

With the release of OpenAI's o1 model, reasoning models that adopt slow-thinking strategies have become increasingly common. Their outputs often contain complex reasoning, intermediate steps, and self-reflection, making existing evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Ding Chen , Qingchen Yu , Pengyuan Wang , Mengting Hu , Wentao Zhang , Zhengren Wang , Bo Tang , Feiyu Xiong , Xinchi Li , Chao Wang , Minchuan Yang , Zhiyu Li

While Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently emerged as a promising post-training paradigm for Large Language Models (LLMs), its dependency on the gold label or domain-specific verifiers limits its scalability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xuexiang Wen , Hang Yu , Linchao Zhu , Gaoang Wang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards~(RLVR) has become a prominent paradigm to enhance the capabilities (i.e.\ long-context) of Large Language Models~(LLMs). However, it often relies on gold-standard answers or explicit evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yao Xiao , Lei Wang , Yue Deng , Guanzheng Chen , Ziqi Jin , Jung-jae Kim , Xiaoli Li , Roy Ka-wei Lee , Lidong Bing

While large language models have made significant progress in mathematical reasoning, they remain unreliable at judging the correctness of their own solutions. Existing approaches that equip models with self-verification typically treat…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Haihui Pan , Junwei Bao , Hongfei Jiang , Yang Song

Reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR) has recently been extended from text-only LLMs to vision-language models (VLMs) to elicit long-chain multimodal reasoning. However, RLVR-trained VLMs still exhibit two persistent failure…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Hoang Anh Just , Yifei Fan , Handong Zhao , Jiuxiang Gu , Ruiyi Zhang , Simon Jenni , Kushal Kafle , Ruoxi Jia , Jing Shi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements in reasoning capabilities empowered by Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR). Nonetheless, RLVR intrinsically relies on ground-truth labels for reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Li Wang , Xiaodong Lu , Xiaohan Wang , Yikun Ban , Jiajun Chai , Wei Lin , Tianhao Peng , Guojun Yin