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Vision-Language-Action models (VLAs) are emerging as powerful tools for learning generalizable visuomotor control policies. However, current VLAs are mostly trained on large-scale image-text-action data and remain limited in two key ways:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Wenqi Liang , Gan Sun , Yao He , Jiahua Dong , Suyan Dai , Ivan Laptev , Salman Khan , Yang Cong

Prevalent Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models are typically built upon Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) and demonstrate exceptional proficiency in semantic understanding, but they inherently lack the capability to deduce physical…

Spatial reasoning is a fundamental aspect of human cognition, enabling intuitive understanding and manipulation of objects in three-dimensional space. While foundation models demonstrate remarkable performance on some benchmarks, they still…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Fan-Yun Sun , Weiyu Liu , Siyi Gu , Dylan Lim , Goutam Bhat , Federico Tombari , Manling Li , Nick Haber , Jiajun Wu

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models mark a transformative advancement in artificial intelligence, aiming to unify perception, natural language understanding, and embodied action within a single computational framework. This foundational…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Ranjan Sapkota , Yang Cao , Konstantinos I. Roumeliotis , Manoj Karkee

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models typically bridge the gap between perceptual and action spaces by pre-training a large-scale Vision-Language Model (VLM) on robotic data. While this approach greatly enhances performance, it also incurs…

Vision-language-action (VLA) models perform well on training-seen robotic tasks but struggle to generalize to unseen scenes and objects. A key limitation lies in their implicit visual representations, which entangle object appearance,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Hanyu Zhou , Chuanhao Ma , Gim Hee Lee

Robotic manipulation, a key frontier in robotics and embodied AI, requires precise motor control and multimodal understanding, yet traditional rule-based methods fail to scale or generalize in unstructured, novel environments. In recent…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Rui Shao , Wei Li , Lingsen Zhang , Renshan Zhang , Zhiyang Liu , Ran Chen , Liqiang Nie

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models extend vision-language models to embodied control by mapping natural-language instructions and visual observations to robot actions. Despite their capabilities, VLA systems face significant challenges due…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Weifan Guan , Qinghao Hu , Aosheng Li , Jian Cheng

Vision-language-action (VLA) models show potential for general robotic tasks, but remain challenging in spatiotemporally coherent manipulation, which requires fine-grained representations. Typically, existing methods embed 3D positions into…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Hanyu Zhou , Chuanhao Ma , Gim Hee Lee

Vision-language-action (VLA) models integrate visual observations and language instructions to predict robot actions, demonstrating promising generalization in manipulation tasks. However, most existing approaches primarily rely on direct…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Jiasong Xiao , Yutao She , Kai Li , Yuyang Sha , Ziang Cheng , Ziang Tong

Vision-language-action models have emerged as a crucial paradigm in robotic manipulation. However, existing VLA models exhibit notable limitations in handling ambiguous language instructions and unknown environmental states. Furthermore,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Helong Huang , Min Cen , Kai Tan , Xingyue Quan , Guowei Huang , Hong Zhang

Many robotic manipulation tasks require sensing and responding to force signals such as torque to assess whether the task has been successfully completed and to enable closed-loop control. However, current Vision-Language-Action (VLA)…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Zongzheng Zhang , Haobo Xu , Zhuo Yang , Chenghao Yue , Zehao Lin , Huan-ang Gao , Ziwei Wang , Hao Zhao

With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence and robotics, the integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) with 3D vision is emerging as a transformative approach to enhancing robotic sensing technologies. This convergence enables…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Vinit Mehta , Charu Sharma , Karthick Thiyagarajan

Vision-language-action models (VLAs) have shown generalization capabilities in robotic manipulation tasks by inheriting from vision-language models (VLMs) and learning action generation. Most VLA models focus on interpreting vision and…

Vision-Language-Action models (VLAs) represent a significant frontier in embodied intelligence, aiming to bridge digital knowledge with physical-world interaction. Despite their remarkable performance, foundational VLAs are hindered by the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zhaoshu Yu , Bo Wang , Pengpeng Zeng , Haonan Zhang , Ji Zhang , Zheng Wang , Lianli Gao , Jingkuan Song , Nicu Sebe , Heng Tao Shen

Vision-language models (VLMs) have advanced multimodal reasoning but still face challenges in spatial reasoning for 3D scenes and complex object configurations. To address this, we introduce SpatialViLT, an enhanced VLM that integrates…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Chashi Mahiul Islam , Oteo Mamo , Samuel Jacob Chacko , Xiuwen Liu , Weikuan Yu

To operate effectively in the real world, robots should integrate multimodal reasoning with precise action generation. However, existing vision-language-action (VLA) models often sacrifice one for the other, narrow their abilities to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Shuai Yang , Hao Li , Bin Wang , Yilun Chen , Yang Tian , Tai Wang , Hanqing Wang , Feng Zhao , Yiyi Liao , Jiangmiao Pang

Progress in 3D vision-language learning has been hindered by the scarcity of large-scale 3D datasets. We introduce UniVLG, a unified architecture for 2D and 3D vision-language understanding that bridges the gap between existing 2D-centric…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Ayush Jain , Alexander Swerdlow , Yuzhou Wang , Sergio Arnaud , Ada Martin , Alexander Sax , Franziska Meier , Katerina Fragkiadaki

Large language models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have been proven to excel at multiple tasks, such as commonsense reasoning. Powerful as these models can be, they are not grounded in the 3D physical world, which involves…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Yining Hong , Haoyu Zhen , Peihao Chen , Shuhong Zheng , Yilun Du , Zhenfang Chen , Chuang Gan

Vision-Language-Action Models (VLAs) have shown remarkable progress towards embodied intelligence. While their architecture partially resembles that of Large Language Models (LLMs), VLAs exhibit higher complexity due to their multi-modal…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Hugo Buurmeijer , Carmen Amo Alonso , Aiden Swann , Marco Pavone