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Language identification for code-switching (CS), the phenomenon of alternating between two or more languages in conversations, has traditionally been approached under the assumption of a single language per token. However, if at least one…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-04 Manuel Mager , Özlem Çetinoğlu , Katharina Kann

Word embeddings, which represent a word as a point in a vector space, have become ubiquitous to several NLP tasks. A recent line of work uses bilingual (two languages) corpora to learn a different vector for each sense of a word, by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-06-27 Shyam Upadhyay , Kai-Wei Chang , Matt Taddy , Adam Kalai , James Zou

Large language models (LLMs) still struggle across tasks outside of high-resource languages. In this work, we investigate cross-lingual transfer to lower-resource languages where task-specific post-training data is scarce. Building on prior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Lucas Bandarkar , Nanyun Peng

Acoustic word embeddings are fixed-dimensional representations of variable-length speech segments. Such embeddings can form the basis for speech search, indexing and discovery systems when conventional speech recognition is not possible. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-08 Herman Kamper , Yevgen Matusevych , Sharon Goldwater

Recent studies have shown that post-aligning multilingual pretrained language models (mPLMs) using alignment objectives on both original and transliterated data can improve crosslingual alignment. This improvement further leads to better…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Yihong Liu , Mingyang Wang , Amir Hossein Kargaran , Ayyoob Imani , Orgest Xhelili , Haotian Ye , Chunlan Ma , François Yvon , Hinrich Schütze

We study model merging as a practical alternative to conventional adaptation strategies for code-mixed NLP. Starting from a multilingual base model, we: (i) perform continued pre-training (CPT) on unlabeled code-mixed text to obtain an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Prashant Kodali , Vaishnavi Shivkumar , Swarang Joshi , Monojit Choudhary , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru , Manish Shrivastava

This paper proposes a modularized sense induction and representation learning model that jointly learns bilingual sense embeddings that align well in the vector space, where the cross-lingual signal in the English-Chinese parallel corpus is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Ta-Chung Chi , Yun-Nung Chen

Although multilingual language models exhibit impressive cross-lingual transfer capabilities on unseen languages, the performance on downstream tasks is impacted when there is a script disparity with the languages used in the multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Kurt Micallef , Nizar Habash , Claudia Borg , Fadhl Eryani , Houda Bouamor

Although all-in-one-model multilingual neural machine translation (multilingual NMT) has achieved remarkable progress, the convergence inconsistency in the joint training is ignored, i.e., different language pairs reaching convergence in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Yichong Huang , Xiaocheng Feng , Xinwei Geng , Bing Qin

Multilingual speakers tend to alternate between languages within a conversation, a phenomenon referred to as "code-switching" (CS). CS is a complex phenomenon that not only encompasses linguistic challenges, but also contains a great deal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Injy Hamed , Alia El Bolock , Nader Rizk , Cornelia Herbert , Slim Abdennadher , Ngoc Thang Vu

Cross-lingual adaptation, a special case of domain adaptation, refers to the transfer of classification knowledge between two languages. In this article we describe an extension of Structural Correspondence Learning (SCL), a recently…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2010-08-26 Peter Prettenhofer , Benno Stein

Code search is a task to find programming codes that semantically match the given natural language queries. Even though some of the existing datasets for this task are multilingual on the programming language side, their query data are only…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Ryo Sekizawa , Nan Duan , Shuai Lu , Hitomi Yanaka

Despite achieving impressive results on standard benchmarks, large foundational models still struggle against code-switching test cases. When data scarcity cannot be used as the usual justification for poor performance, the reason may lie…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Enes Yavuz Ugan , Ngoc-Quan Pham , Alexander Waibel

Recent studies in zero-shot cross-lingual learning using multilingual models have falsified the previous hypothesis that shared vocabulary and joint pre-training are the keys to cross-lingual generalization. Inspired by this advancement, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Evangelia Gogoulou , Ariel Ekgren , Tim Isbister , Magnus Sahlgren

Lack of text data has been the major issue on code-switching language modeling. In this paper, we introduce multi-task learning based language model which shares syntax representation of languages to leverage linguistic information and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-05 Genta Indra Winata , Andrea Madotto , Chien-Sheng Wu , Pascale Fung

Being able to parse code-switched (CS) utterances, such as Spanish+English or Hindi+English, is essential to democratize task-oriented semantic parsing systems for certain locales. In this work, we focus on Spanglish (Spanish+English) and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-29 Arash Einolghozati , Abhinav Arora , Lorena Sainz-Maza Lecanda , Anuj Kumar , Sonal Gupta

Most people are multilingual, and most multilinguals code-switch, yet the characteristics of code-switched language are not fully understood. We developed a chatbot capable of completing a Map Task with human participants using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Dean Geckt , Melinda Fricke , Shuly Wintner

Recent progress on unsupervised learning of cross-lingual embeddings in bilingual setting has given impetus to learning a shared embedding space for several languages without any supervision. A popular framework to solve the latter problem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Pratik Jawanpuria , Mayank Meghwanshi , Bamdev Mishra

Cross-lingual model transfer is a compelling and popular method for predicting annotations in a low-resource language, whereby parallel corpora provide a bridge to a high-resource language and its associated annotated corpora. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-05-02 Meng Fang , Trevor Cohn

An utterance that contains speech from multiple languages is known as a code-switched sentence. In this work, we propose a novel technique to predict whether given audio is mono-lingual or code-switched. We propose a multi-modal learning…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-05 Krishna D N