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Large Language Models (LLMs) have substantially influenced various software engineering tasks. Indeed, in the case of software refactoring, traditional LLMs have shown the ability to reduce development time and enhance code quality.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Khouloud Oueslati , Maxime Lamothe , Foutse Khomh

Efficiency is a key property to foster inclusiveness and reduce environmental costs, especially in an era of LLMs. In this work, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of efficiency for MT evaluation metrics. Our approach involves replacing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Daniil Larionov , Jens Grünwald , Christoph Leiter , Steffen Eger

Effort estimation is a crucial activity in agile software development, where teams collaboratively review, discuss, and estimate the effort required to complete user stories in a product backlog. Current practices in agile effort estimation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Thanh-Long Bui , Hoa Khanh Dam , Rashina Hoda

LLM-based agents are becoming central to software engineering tasks, yet evaluating them remains fragmented and largely model-centric. Existing studies overlook how architectural components, such as planners, memory, and tool routers, shape…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Débora Souza , Patrícia Machado

Web agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can autonomously perform complex, multistep tasks in dynamic web environments. However, current evaluations mostly focus on the overall success while overlooking intermediate errors. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Daniel Röder , Akhil Juneja , Roland Roller , Sven Schmeier

Recent success in large multimodal models (LMMs) has sparked promising applications of agents capable of autonomously completing complex web tasks. While open-source LMM agents have made significant advances in offline evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Vardaan Pahuja , Yadong Lu , Corby Rosset , Boyu Gou , Arindam Mitra , Spencer Whitehead , Yu Su , Ahmed Awadallah

Agent orchestration frameworks have proliferated, collectively exceeding 290,000 GitHub stars across LangGraph, CrewAI, Google ADK, OpenAI Agents SDK, Semantic Kernel, Strands, and LlamaIndex. All follow the same pattern: an external…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Simon Dennis , Rivaan Patil , Kevin Shabahang , Hao Guo

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance across diverse reasoning and generation tasks, and are increasingly deployed as agents in dynamic environments such as code generation and recommendation systems. However, many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Hao Kang , Qingru Zhang , Han Cai , Weiyuan Xu , Tushar Krishna , Yilun Du , Tsachy Weissman

Graphical user interface (GUI) agents can substantially improve productivity by automating frequently executed long-latency tasks on mobile devices. However, existing evaluation benchmarks are still constrained to limited applications,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Yue Cao , Yingyao Wang , Pi Bu , Jingxuan Xing , Wei Jiang , Zekun Zhu , Junpeng Ma , Sashuai Zhou , Tong Lu , Jun Song , Yu Cheng , Yuning Jiang , Bo Zheng

Efficient management of electric ride-hailing fleets, particularly pre-allocation and pricing during peak periods to balance spatio-temporal supply and demand, is crucial for urban traffic efficiency. However, practical challenges include…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-08-08 Xinyu Jiang , Haoyu Zhang , Mengyi Sha , Zihao Jiao , Long He , Junbo Zhang , Wei Qi

The performance of large language model (LLM) systems depends not only on model weights, but also on their harness: the code that determines what information to store, retrieve, and present to the model. Yet harnesses are still designed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yoonho Lee , Roshen Nair , Qizheng Zhang , Kangwook Lee , Omar Khattab , Chelsea Finn

Effective evaluation of web data record extraction methods is crucial, yet hampered by static, domain-specific benchmarks and opaque scoring practices. This makes fair comparison between traditional algorithmic techniques, which rely on…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Soyeon Kim , Namhee Kim , Yeonwoo Jeong

Large language model agents are increasingly used to automate web tasks such as product search, offer comparison, and checkout. Current research explores different interfaces through which these agents interact with websites, including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Aaron Steiner , Ralph Peeters , Christian Bizer

Large language model (LLM) agents have demonstrated strong capabilities across diverse domains, yet automated agent design remains a significant challenge. Current automated agent design approaches are often constrained by limited search…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Yu Li , Lehui Li , Zhihao Wu , Qingmin Liao , Jianye Hao , Kun Shao , Fengli Xu , Yong Li

Multi-agent LLM frameworks are widely used to accelerate the development of agent systems powered by large language models (LLMs). These frameworks impose distinct architectural structures that govern how agents interact, store information,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Abdelghny Orogat , Ana Rostam , Essam Mansour

Current paradigms for training GUI agents are fundamentally limited by a reliance on either unsafe, non-reproducible live web interactions or costly, scarce human-crafted data and environments. We argue this focus on data volume overlooks a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Sicheng Fan , Qingyun Shi , Shengze Xu , Shengbo Cai , Tieyong Zeng , Li Ling , Yanyi Shang , Dehan Kong

Phishing detection is a critical cybersecurity task that involves the identification and neutralization of fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information, thereby safeguarding individuals and organizations from data breaches and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Huilin Wang , Bryan Hooi

Recent deep research agents primarily improve performance by scaling reasoning depth, but this leads to high inference cost and latency in search-intensive scenarios. Moreover, generalization across heterogeneous research settings remains…

Large language model-based multi-agent systems have shown great abilities across various tasks due to the collaboration of expert agents, each focusing on a specific domain. However, the impact of clumsy or even malicious agents--those who…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Jen-tse Huang , Jiaxu Zhou , Tailin Jin , Xuhui Zhou , Zixi Chen , Wenxuan Wang , Youliang Yuan , Michael R. Lyu , Maarten Sap

Large language models (LLMs) have recently been used to empower autonomous agents in engineering, significantly improving automation and efficiency in labor-intensive workflows. However, their potential remains underexplored in structural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Ziheng Geng , Jiachen Liu , Ran Cao , Lu Cheng , Haifeng Wang , Minghui Cheng