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Large language model (LLM) evaluation platforms increasingly rely on pairwise human judgments. These data are noisy, sparse, and non-uniform, yet leaderboards are reported with limited uncertainty quantification. We study this as…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-08 Jiachun Li , David Simchi-Levi , Will Wei Sun

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing, with frameworks like Chatbot Arena providing pioneering platforms for evaluating these models. By facilitating millions of pairwise comparisons based on human…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-02 Siavash Ameli , Siyuan Zhuang , Ion Stoica , Michael W. Mahoney

Large language models are often ranked according to their level of alignment with human preferences -- a model is better than other models if its outputs are more frequently preferred by humans. One of the popular ways to elicit human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Ivi Chatzi , Eleni Straitouri , Suhas Thejaswi , Manuel Gomez Rodriguez

Nowadays, recommender systems already impact almost every facet of peoples lives. To provide personalized high quality recommendation results, conventional systems usually train pointwise rankers to predict the absolute value of objectives…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Yi Ren , Hongyan Tang , Siwen Zhu

Language Models (LMs) have shown promising performance in natural language generation. However, as LMs often generate incorrect or hallucinated responses, it is crucial to correctly quantify their uncertainty in responding to given inputs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Xinmeng Huang , Shuo Li , Mengxin Yu , Matteo Sesia , Hamed Hassani , Insup Lee , Osbert Bastani , Edgar Dobriban

Deciding which large language model (LLM) to use is a complex challenge. Pairwise ranking has emerged as a new method for evaluating human preferences for LLMs. This approach entails humans evaluating pairs of model outputs based on a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Roland Daynauth , Christopher Clarke , Krisztian Flautner , Lingjia Tang , Jason Mars

We consider the inference for the ranking of large language models (LLMs). Alignment arises as a significant challenge to mitigate hallucinations in the use of LLMs. Ranking LLMs has proven to be an effective tool to improve alignment based…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-11 Zebin Wang , Yi Han , Ethan X. Fang , Lan Wang , Junwei Lu

Rankings derived from pairwise comparisons are central to many economic and computational systems. In the context of large language models (LLMs), rankings are typically constructed from human preference data and presented as leaderboards…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Angel Rodrigo Avelar Menendez , Yufeng Liu , Xiaowu Dai

In many applications of LLMs, natural language responses often have an underlying structure such as representing discrete labels, numerical values, or graphs. Yet, existing decoding and uncertainty estimation methods operate only in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Tim Tomov , Dominik Fuchsgruber , Stephan Günnemann

With the advent of highly capable instruction-tuned neural language models, benchmarking in natural language processing (NLP) is increasingly shifting towards pairwise comparison leaderboards, such as LMSYS Arena, from traditional global…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Georgii Levtsov , Dmitry Ustalov

A supervised ranking model, despite its advantage of being effective, usually involves complex processing - typically multiple stages of task-specific pre-training and fine-tuning. This has motivated researchers to explore simpler pipelines…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Nilanjan Sinhababu , Andrew Parry , Debasis Ganguly , Debasis Samanta , Pabitra Mitra

Ranking LLMs via pairwise human feedback underpins current leaderboards for open-ended tasks, such as creative writing and problem-solving. We analyze ~89K comparisons in 116 languages from 52 LLMs from Arena, and show that the best-fit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jai Moondra , Ayela Chughtai , Bhargavi Lanka , Swati Gupta

While the promises of Multi-Task Learning (MTL) are attractive, characterizing the conditions of its success is still an open problem in Deep Learning. Some tasks may benefit from being learned together while others may be detrimental to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Raphael Azorin , Massimo Gallo , Alessandro Finamore , Dario Rossi , Pietro Michiardi

Pairwise ranking methods are the basis of many widely used discriminative training approaches for structure prediction problems in natural language processing(NLP). Decomposing the problem of ranking hypotheses into pairwise comparisons…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-19 Huadong Chen , Shujian Huang , David Chiang , Xinyu Dai , Jiajun Chen

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly operate as autonomous agents that reason over external APIs to perform complex tasks. However, their reliability and agreement remain poorly characterized. We present a unified benchmarking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Eyhab Al-Masri

Recently, the fast development of Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT has significantly advanced NLP tasks by enhancing the capabilities of conversational models. However, the application of LLMs in the recommendation domain has…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Junling Liu , Chao Liu , Peilin Zhou , Qichen Ye , Dading Chong , Kang Zhou , Yueqi Xie , Yuwei Cao , Shoujin Wang , Chenyu You , Philip S. Yu

Listwise reranking with large language models (LLMs) enhances top-ranked results in retrieval-based applications. Due to the limit in context size and high inference cost of long context, reranking is typically performed over a fixed size…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Soyoung Yoon , Gyuwan Kim , Gyu-Hwung Cho , Seung-won Hwang

Low-rank and sparse composite approximation is a natural idea to compress Large Language Models (LLMs). However, such an idea faces two primary challenges that adversely affect the performance of existing methods. The first challenge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Changhai Zhou , Qian Qiao , Yuhua Zhou , Yuxin Wu , Shichao Weng , Weizhong Zhang , Cheng Jin

In designing personalized ranking algorithms, it is desirable to encourage a high precision at the top of the ranked list. Existing methods either seek a smooth convex surrogate for a non-smooth ranking metric or directly modify updating…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-08-15 Kuan Liu , Prem Natarajan

Ranks estimated from data are uncertain and this poses a challenge in many applications. However, estimated ranks are deterministic functions of estimated parameters, so the uncertainty in the ranks must be determined by the uncertainty in…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-22 Justin Rising
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