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The Adam optimizer is widely used for transformer optimization in practice, which makes understanding the underlying optimization mechanisms an important problem. However, due to the Adam's complexity, theoretical analysis of how it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Bingrui Li , Wei Huang , Andi Han , Zhanpeng Zhou , Taiji Suzuki , Jun Zhu , Jianfei Chen

The Adam optimizer, often used in Machine Learning for neural network training, corresponds to an underlying ordinary differential equation (ODE) in the limit of very small learning rates. This work shows that the classical Adam algorithm…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Abhinab Bhattacharjee , Andrey A. Popov , Arash Sarshar , Adrian Sandu

In this paper, we study the convergence of the Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam) algorithm under unconstrained non-convex smooth stochastic optimizations. Despite the widespread usage in machine learning areas, its theoretical properties…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-06 Yusu Hong , Junhong Lin

Focusing on the practical configuration needs of optimization algorithms in deep learning, this article concentrates on five major algorithms: SGD, Mini-batch SGD, Momentum, Adam, and Lion. It systematically analyzes the core advantages,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Deng Fucheng , Wang Wanjie , Gong Ao , Wang Xiaoqi , Wang Fan

Training deep neural networks is a highly nontrivial task, involving carefully selecting appropriate training algorithms, scheduling step sizes and tuning other hyperparameters. Trying different combinations can be quite labor-intensive and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Kaifeng Lv , Shunhua Jiang , Jian Li

Generative Adversarial Networks are notoriously challenging to train. The underlying minmax optimization is highly susceptible to the variance of the stochastic gradient and the rotational component of the associated game vector field. To…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-24 Tatjana Chavdarova , Matteo Pagliardini , Sebastian U. Stich , Francois Fleuret , Martin Jaggi

In this paper, we present CT-AGD (Curvature-Tuned Accelerated Gradient Descent), an optimization method for non-convex optimization problems in deep learning training tasks. CT-AGD is a general boosting procedure that accelerates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Manuel Graca , L. Miguel Silveira , Arlindo Oliveira , Frank Liu

Federated learning on edge devices must cope with non-IID client data and tight memory budgets. Adaptive optimizers like Adam stabilize training under data heterogeneity but require storing full-precision momentum and variance states, often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Vedant Waykole , Haroon R. Lone

Stochastic optimization plays a crucial role in the advancement of deep learning technologies. Over the decades, significant effort has been dedicated to improving the training efficiency and robustness of deep neural networks, via various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Huixiu Jiang , Ling Yang , Yu Bao , Rutong Si , Sikun Yang

Training deep neural networks requires intricate initialization and careful selection of learning rates. The emergence of stochastic gradient optimization methods that use adaptive learning rates based on squared past gradients, e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Jianbang Ding , Xuancheng Ren , Ruixuan Luo , Xu Sun

Adam is a commonly used stochastic optimization algorithm in machine learning. However, its convergence is still not fully understood, especially in the non-convex setting. This paper focuses on exploring hyperparameter settings for the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-12 Meixuan He , Yuqing Liang , Jinlan Liu , Dongpo Xu

Adaptive optimization algorithms, such as Adam and RMSprop, have shown better optimization performance than stochastic gradient descent (SGD) in some scenarios. However, recent studies show that they often lead to worse generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-19 Zijun Zhang , Lin Ma , Zongpeng Li , Chuan Wu

One of the primary reasons behind the success of neural networks has been the emergence of an array of new, highly-successful optimizers, perhaps most importantly the Adam optimizer. It is widely used for training neural networks, yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Benedikt Brantner

In this paper we propose several adaptive gradient methods for stochastic optimization. Unlike AdaGrad-type of methods, our algorithms are based on Armijo-type line search and they simultaneously adapt to the unknown Lipschitz constant of…

We propose NovoGrad, an adaptive stochastic gradient descent method with layer-wise gradient normalization and decoupled weight decay. In our experiments on neural networks for image classification, speech recognition, machine translation,…

Optimization plays a costly and crucial role in developing machine learning systems. In learned optimizers, the few hyperparameters of commonly used hand-designed optimizers, e.g. Adam or SGD, are replaced with flexible parametric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Luke Metz , C. Daniel Freeman , James Harrison , Niru Maheswaranathan , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein

We analyze the adaptive first order algorithm AMSGrad, for solving a constrained stochastic optimization problem with a weakly convex objective. We prove the $\mathcal{\tilde O}(t^{-1/4})$ rate of convergence for the norm of the gradient of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-12 Ahmet Alacaoglu , Yura Malitsky , Volkan Cevher

In neural network training, RMSProp and Adam remain widely favoured optimisation algorithms. One of the keys to their performance lies in selecting the correct step size, which can significantly influence their effectiveness. Additionally,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Alokendu Mazumder , Rishabh Sabharwal , Manan Tayal , Bhartendu Kumar , Punit Rathore

Adaptive gradient optimizers (AdaGrad), which dynamically adjust the learning rate based on iterative gradients, have emerged as powerful tools in deep learning. These adaptive methods have significantly succeeded in various deep learning…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-31 Ruinan Jin , Xiaoyu Wang , Baoxiang Wang

The Adam optimizer is currently presumably the most popular optimization method in deep learning. In this article we develop an ODE based method to study the Adam optimizer in a fast-slow scaling regime. For fixed momentum parameters and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-07 Steffen Dereich , Arnulf Jentzen , Sebastian Kassing