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Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) increasingly rely on reasoning traces with complex internal structures. However, existing work lacks a unified answer to three fundamental questions: (1) what defines high-quality reasoning, (2) how to reliably…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Haoran Zhang , Yafu Li , Zhi Wang , Zhilin Wang , Shunkai Zhang , Xiaoye Qu , Yu Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in reasoning tasks with the development of prompting methods. However, existing prompting approaches cannot reuse insights of solving similar problems and suffer from accumulated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Junchi Yu , Ran He , Rex Ying

Modern LLMs are trained to "think" primarily via explicit text generation, such as chain-of-thought (CoT), which defers reasoning to post-training and under-leverages pre-training data. We present and open-source Ouro, named after the…

Large Language Models (LLMs), such as OpenAI's o1-series have demonstrated compelling capabilities for complex reasoning tasks via the extended chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning mechanism. However, recent studies reveal substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Runjin Chen , Zhenyu Zhang , Junyuan Hong , Souvik Kundu , Zhangyang Wang

The reasoning abilities are one of the most enigmatic and captivating aspects of large language models (LLMs). Numerous studies are dedicated to exploring and expanding the boundaries of this reasoning capability. However, tasks that embody…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Yuze Zhao , Tianyun Ji , Wenjun Feng , Zhenya Huang , Qi Liu , Zhiding Liu , Yixiao Ma , Kai Zhang , Enhong Chen

Unsupervised methods are widely used to induce latent semantic structure from large text collections, yet their outputs often contain incoherent, redundant, or poorly grounded clusters that are difficult to validate without labeled data. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Tunazzina Islam

Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting is a de-facto standard technique to elicit reasoning-like responses from large language models (LLMs), allowing them to spell out individual steps before giving a final answer. While the resemblance to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Gregor Bachmann , Yichen Jiang , Seyed Mohsen Moosavi Dezfooli , Moin Nabi

Large reasoning models (LRMs) increasingly expose chain-of-thought-like reasoning for transparency, verification, and deliberate problem solving. This creates a safety blind spot: harmful or policy-violating content may appear in reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Xiaomin Li , Jianheng Hou , Zheyuan Deng , Zhiwei Zhang , Taoran Li , Binghang Lu , Bing Hu , Yunhan Zhao , Yuexing Hao

Recent work has shown that language models (LMs) have strong multi-step (i.e., procedural) reasoning capabilities. However, it is unclear whether LMs perform these tasks by cheating with answers memorized from pretraining corpus, or, via a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yifan Hou , Jiaoda Li , Yu Fei , Alessandro Stolfo , Wangchunshu Zhou , Guangtao Zeng , Antoine Bosselut , Mrinmaya Sachan

Existing chain-of-thought (CoT) distillation methods can effectively transfer reasoning abilities to base models but suffer from two major limitations: excessive verbosity of reasoning traces and inadequate adaptability to problem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yifan Wu , Jingze Shi , Bingheng Wu , Jiayi Zhang , Xiaotian Lin , Nan Tang , Yuyu Luo

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in settings where reasoning, such as multi-step problem solving and chain-of-thought, is essential. Yet, current evaluation practices overwhelmingly report single-run accuracy while…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Nearchos Potamitis , Lars Klein , Akhil Arora

As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to exhibit remarkable performance in natural language understanding tasks, there is a crucial need to measure their ability for human-like multi-step logical reasoning. Existing logical reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Nisarg Patel , Mohith Kulkarni , Mihir Parmar , Aashna Budhiraja , Mutsumi Nakamura , Neeraj Varshney , Chitta Baral

Chain-of-Thought reasoning has significantly enhanced the problem-solving capabilities of Large Language Models. Unfortunately, current models generate reasoning steps sequentially without foresight, often becoming trapped in suboptimal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Guoming Ling , Zhongzhan Huang , Yupei Lin , Junxin Li , Shanshan Zhong , Hefeng Wu , Liang Lin

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting can enhance the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), establishing itself as a primary approach to solving complex reasoning tasks. Existing CoT synthesis approaches usually focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Xiaoxue Cheng , Junyi Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen

Chain-of-thought reasoning, while powerful, can produce unnecessarily verbose output for simpler problems. We present a framework for difficulty-aware reasoning that teaches models to dynamically adjust reasoning depth based on problem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Abdul Waheed , Chancharik Mitra , Laurie Z. Wang , Deva Ramanan , Bhiksha Raj

This work characterizes large language models' chain-of-thought generation as a structured trajectory through representation space. We show that mathematical reasoning traverses functionally ordered, step-specific subspaces that become…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Lihao Sun , Hang Dong , Bo Qiao , Qingwei Lin , Dongmei Zhang , Saravan Rajmohan

Vision-language models (VLMs) have recently demonstrated strong efficacy as visual assistants that can parse natural queries about the visual content and generate human-like outputs. In this work, we explore the ability of these models to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Yangyi Chen , Karan Sikka , Michael Cogswell , Heng Ji , Ajay Divakaran

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance on complex tasks through Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. However, conventional CoT relies on explicitly verbalized intermediate steps, which constrains its broader…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Xinghao Chen , Anhao Zhao , Heming Xia , Xuan Lu , Hanlin Wang , Yanjun Chen , Wei Zhang , Jian Wang , Wenjie Li , Xiaoyu Shen

While Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting improves reasoning in large language models (LLMs), the excessive length of reasoning tokens increases latency and KV cache memory usage, and may even truncate final answers under context limits. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Gengyang Li , Yifeng Gao , Yuming Li , Yunfang Wu

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) excel at solving complex problems by explicitly generating a reasoning trace before deriving the final answer. However, these extended generations incur substantial memory footprint and computational overhead,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Zhenyuan Guo , Tong Chen , Wenlong Meng , Chen Gong , Xin Yu , Chengkun Wei , Wenzhi Chen