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Smart Contracts are essential blockchain components, mainly written in Solidity. The high availability of public Solidity code leads to frequent reuse and high clone ratios. Since cloning can propagate vulnerabilities and flaws, effective…

LLMs are transforming software development, yet current code generation and code repair benchmarks mainly assess syntactic and functional correctness in simple, single-error cases. LLMs' capabilities to autonomously find and fix runtime…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Zhiyu Yang , Shuo Wang , Yukun Yan , Yang Deng

Decompilation is widely used in reverse engineering to recover high-level language code from binary executables. While recent approaches leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising progress, they typically treat assembly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Yongpan Wang , Xin Xu , Xiaojie Zhu , Xiaodong Gu , Beijun Shen

The previous smart contract code comment (SCC) generation approaches can be divided into two categories: fine-tuning paradigm-based approaches and information retrieval-based approaches. However, for the fine-tuning paradigm-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Junjie Zhao , Xiang Chen , Guang Yang , Yiheng Shen

Smart contract is a kind of self-executing code based on blockchain technology with a wide range of application scenarios, but the traditional generation method relies on manual coding and expert auditing, which has a high threshold and low…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Hao Luo , Yuhao Lin , Xiao Yan , Xintong Hu , Yuxiang Wang , Qiming Zeng , Hao Wang , Jiawei Jiang

There is a huge demand to ensure the compliance of smart contracts listed on blockchain platforms to safety and economic standards. Today, manual efforts in the form of auditing are commonly used to achieve this goal. ML-based automated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Shihao Xia , Mengting He , Linhai Song , Yiying Zhang

Unlike code completion, debugging requires localizing faults and applying targeted edits. We observe that frontier LLMs often regenerate correct but over-edited solutions during debugging. To evaluate how far LLMs are from precise…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Wang Bill Zhu , Miaosen Chai , Shangshang Wang , Yejia Liu , Song Bian , Honghua Dong , Willie Neiswanger , Robin Jia

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional coding capability. However, as another critical component of programming proficiency, the debugging capability of LLMs remains relatively unexplored. Previous evaluations of LLMs'…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Runchu Tian , Yining Ye , Yujia Qin , Xin Cong , Yankai Lin , Yinxu Pan , Yesai Wu , Haotian Hui , Weichuan Liu , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Smart contracts can implement and automate parts of legal contracts, but ensuring their legal compliance remains challenging. Existing approaches such as formal specification, verification, and model-based development require expertise in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Chanuka Wijayakoon , Hai Dong , H. M. N. Dilum Bandara , Zahir Tari , Anurag Soin

The irreversible nature of blockchain transactions makes the identification of smart contract vulnerabilities an essential requirement for secure system development. While Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Stefan-Claudiu Susan , Andrei Arusoaie , Dorel Lucanu

Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that gained popularity for enabling the transformation of cryptocurrency among peers without mediation by a centralized third-party authority. Smart contracts expand the applications of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Majd Soud , Gísli Hjálmtýsson , Mohammad Hamdaqa

Debugging and auditing zero-knowledge-compatible smart contracts remains a significant challenge due to the lack of source mapping in compilers such as zkSolc. In this work, we present a preliminary source mapping framework that establishes…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Pei Xu , Yulei Sui , Mark Staples

Code review is a cornerstone of software quality assurance, and recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in its automation. However, existing benchmarks for LLM-based code review face three major limitations. Lack…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Ruida Hu , Xinchen Wang , Xin-Cheng Wen , Zhao Zhang , Bo Jiang , Pengfei Gao , Chao Peng , Cuiyun Gao

Smart contract vulnerabilities can cause substantial financial losses due to the immutability of code after deployment. While existing tools detect vulnerabilities, they cannot effectively repair them. In this paper, we propose SCPatcher, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Xiaoqi Li , Shipeng Ye , Wenkai Li , Zongwei Li

Blockchain smart contracts have catalyzed the development of decentralized applications across various domains, including decentralized finance. However, due to constraints in computational resources and the prevalence of data silos,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Youquan Xian , Xueying Zeng , Duancheng Xuan , Danping Yang , Chunpei Li , Peng Fan , Peng Liu

As blockchain technology and smart contracts become widely adopted, securing them throughout every stage of the transaction process is essential. The concern of improved security for smart contracts is to find and detect vulnerabilities…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-11 S M Mostaq Hossain , Amani Altarawneh , Jesse Roberts

Ethereum has become a widely used platform to enable secure, Blockchain-based financial and business transactions. However, many identified bugs and vulnerabilities in smart contracts have led to serious financial losses, which raises…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Zhipeng Gao

Smart contract vulnerabilities caused significant economic losses in blockchain applications. Large Language Models (LLMs) provide new possibilities for addressing this time-consuming task. However, state-of-the-art LLM-based detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 ZeKe Xiao , Qin Wang , Hammond Pearce , Shiping Chen

Compilation errors pose pervasive and critical challenges in software development, significantly hindering productivity. Therefore, Automated Compilation Error Repair (ACER) techniques are proposed to mitigate these issues. Despite recent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Jia Li , Zeyang Zhuang , Zhuangbin Chen , Yuxin Su , Wei Meng , Michael R. Lyu

This paper provides a systematic analysis of the opportunities, challenges, and potential solutions of harnessing Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 to dig out vulnerabilities within smart contracts based on our ongoing research.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Sihao Hu , Tiansheng Huang , Fatih İlhan , Selim Furkan Tekin , Ling Liu