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Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a family of protocols for growing a private encryption key between two parties. Despite much progress, all ground-based QKD approaches have a distance limit due to atmospheric losses or in-fibre…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-28 Robert Bedington , Juan Miguel Arrazola , Alexander Ling

Satellite quantum communication is a promising way to build long distance quantum links, making it an essential complement to optical fiber for quantum internetworking beyond metropolitan scales. A satellite point to point optical link…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cryptographic method enabling two parties to establish a private encryption key. The range of communication of ground-based QKD is limited to an order of 100km, due to in-fibre attenuations and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-04 Olivia Lee , Tom Vergoossen

: In this paper we suggest improved IKE key exchange protocol combined with the Computer Security USB Key device to solve the problems in using IKE and IKE v2 protocol.

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-05-02 Pak Myong-Suk , Jo Hyon-Chol , Jang Chung-Hyok

Experimental deployment of quantum communication over Earth-satellite channels opens the way to a secure global quantum Internet. In this work, we present results from a real-time prototype quantum key distribution (QKD) system, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-13 Anju Rani , Xiaoyu Ai , Aman Gupta , Ravi Singh Adhikari , Robert Malaney

Concerted efforts are underway to establish an infrastructure for a global quantum internet to realise a spectrum of quantum technologies. This will enable more precise sensors, secure communications, and faster data processing. Quantum…

Quantum satellite communication (QSC) is emerging as a strategic technology for secure global networking and long-distance quantum connectivity. This review prioritizes the major challenges that still hinder large-scale deployment,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Omar Alnaseri , Yassine Himeur , Ahmed Al Asadi , Mohammed A. Ala'anzy , Rida Gadhafi , Shadi Atalla , Wathiq Mansoor

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a key exchange protocol which is implemented over free space optical links and optical fiber cable. When direct communication is not possible, QKD is performed over fiber cables, but the imperfections in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-14 Vishal Sharma , Subhashish Banerjee

With rapid increase of mobile computing and wireless network linkage, the information exchange between connected systems and within groups increases heavily. Exchanging confidential information within groups via unsecured communication…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Peter Hillmann , Marcus Knüpfer , Tobias Guggemos , Klement Streit

Quantum resistance is vital for emerging cryptographic systems as quantum technologies continue to advance towards large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computers. Resistance may be offered by quantum key distribution (QKD), which provides…

By harnessing quantum effects, we nowadays can use encryption that is in principle proven to withstand any conceivable attack. These fascinating quantum features have been implemented in metropolitan quantum networks around the world. In…

The convergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and quantum computing is redefining the security paradigm of interconnected digital systems. Classical cryptographic algorithms such as RSA, Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), and Advanced…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Jaydip Sen

The rapid advancement of quantum technologies calls for the design and deployment of quantum-safe cryptographic protocols and communication networks. There are two primary approaches to achieving quantum-resistant security: quantum key…

In this paper, we investigate the optimization of global quantum communication through satellite constellations. We address the challenge of quantum key distribution (QKD) across vast distances and the limitations posed by terrestrial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-03 Yichen Gao , Guanqun Song , Ting Zhu

Quantum key distribution (QKD) constitutes the most widespread family of information preservation techniques in the context of Quantum Cryptography. However, these techniques must deal with a series of technological challenges that prevent…

General Physics · Physics 2022-05-06 Mario Mastriani

In recent years quantum information research has lead to the discovery of a number of remarkable new paradigms for information processing and communication. These developments include quantum cryptography schemes that offer unconditionally…

A Post-Quantum Key Exchange is needed since the availability of quantum computers that allegedly allow breaking classical algorithms like Diffie-Hellman, El Gamal, RSA and others within a practical amount of time is broadly assumed in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-01-22 G. Brands , C. B. Roellgen , K. U. Vogel

Advancements in quantum computing pose a significant threat to most of the cryptography currently deployed. Fortunately, cryptographic building blocks to mitigate the threat are already available; mostly based on post-quantum and quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-22 Jaime S. Buruaga , Augustine Bugler , Juan P. Brito , Vicente Martin , Christoph Striecks

Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides a method of ensuring security using the laws of physics, avoiding the risks inherent in cryptosystems protected by computational complexity. Here we investigate the feasibility of satellite-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-03 Peide Zhang , Jaya Sagar , Elliott Hastings , Milan Stefko , Siddarth Joshi , John Rarity

With the goal of a space-based quantum network is to have satellites distribute keys between any nodes on the ground, we consider an evolved quantum network from a near-term form, in which a space-based relay, satellite executes a sequence…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-11 Xingyu Wang , Chen Dong , Jiahua Wei , Tianyi Wu , Taoyong Li , Huicun Yu , Lei Shi , Shanghong Zhao