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Large Language Model (LLM) agents face security vulnerabilities spanning AI-specific and traditional software domains, yet current research addresses these separately. This study bridges this gap through comparative evaluation of Function…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Tarek Gasmi , Ramzi Guesmi , Ines Belhadj , Jihene Bennaceur

Recent advances in coding agents have shown remarkable progress in software issue resolution. In practice, real-world issues are typically bug fixes or feature requests in which human developers naturally incorporate refactoring as part of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Zhao Tian , Zifan Zhang , Tao Xiao , Dong Wang , Masanari Kondo , Junjie Chen , Yasutaka Kamei

When a tool-calling agent picks the wrong tool, the failure is invisible until execution: the email gets sent, the meeting gets missed. As agents take on consequential actions, one bad tool call can do real damage. We currently have no way…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Zekun Wu , Ze Wang , Seonglae Cho , Yufei Yang , Adriano Koshiyama , Sahan Bulathwela , Maria Perez-Ortiz

Agents are LLM-driven components that can mutate environments in powerful, arbitrary ways. Extracting guarantees for the execution of agents in production environments can be challenging due to asynchrony and failures. In this paper, we…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Mahesh Balakrishnan , Ashwin Bharambe , Davide Testuggine , David Geraghty , David Mao , Vidhya Venkat , Ilya Mironov , Rithesh Baradi , Gayathri Aiyer , Victoria Dudin

Solving complex or long-horizon problems often requires large language models (LLMs) to use external tools and operate over a significantly longer context window. New LLMs enable longer context windows and support tool calling capabilities.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Tsimur Hadeliya , Mohammad Ali Jauhar , Nidhi Sakpal , Diogo Cruz

Given that Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to automate software development, comprehensive software assurance spans three distinct goals: regression prevention, reactive reproduction, and proactive discovery. Current…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Steven Liu , Jane Luo , Xin Zhang , Aofan Liu , Hao Liu , Jie Wu , Ziyang Huang , Yangyu Huang , Yu Kang , Scarlett Li

Tool-augmented LLM agents tend to call tools indiscriminately, even when the model can answer directly. Each unnecessary call wastes API fees and latency, yet no existing benchmark systematically studies when a tool call is actually needed.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Chung-En Sun , Linbo Liu , Ge Yan , Zimo Wang , Tsui-Wei Weng

Autonomous agents based on Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being utilized in complex software systems. However, reliability remains a significant challenge due to unpredictable failures such as hallucinations, execution…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Cheonsu Jeong , Younggun Shin

Agents powered by large language models have shown remarkable abilities in solving complex tasks. However, most agent systems remain reactive, limiting their effectiveness in scenarios requiring foresight and autonomous decision-making. In…

Driven by the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), LLM-based agents have been developed to handle various real-world applications, including finance, healthcare, and shopping, etc. It is crucial to ensure the reliability and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Wenkai Yang , Xiaohan Bi , Yankai Lin , Sishuo Chen , Jie Zhou , Xu Sun

The acquisition of agentic capabilities has transformed LLMs from "knowledge providers" to "action executors", a trend that while expanding LLMs' capability boundaries, significantly increases their susceptibility to malicious use. Previous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Jinchuan Zhang , Lu Yin , Yan Zhou , Songlin Hu

Verifying LLM-generated systems code is hard: bugs are prevalent, formal specifications are missing, and safety contracts are encoded implicitly at call sites rather than enforced at function boundaries. We propose agentic model checking, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Youcheng Sun , Jiawen Liu , Daniel Kroening , Jason Xue

Computer-use agent (CUA) frameworks, powered by large language models (LLMs) or multimodal LLMs (MLLMs), are rapidly maturing as assistants that can perceive context, reason, and act directly within software environments. Among their most…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Weidi Luo , Qiming Zhang , Tianyu Lu , Xiaogeng Liu , Bin Hu , Hung-Chun Chiu , Siyuan Ma , Yizhe Zhang , Xusheng Xiao , Yinzhi Cao , Zhen Xiang , Chaowei Xiao

Large Language Models are being increasingly deployed as the decision-making core of autonomous agents capable of effecting change in external environments. Yet, in conversational benchmarks, which simulate real-world customer-centric issue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Amir Saeidi , Venkatesh Mishra , Souradeep Mukhopadhyay , Gaowen Liu , Ali Payani , Jayanth Srinivasa , Chitta Baral

Proactive agents read user activity as text and call an LLM on every event to decide whether to act. But user activity is not natively text: it is a structured event stream of (actor, verb, object, timestamp) tuples that the operating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xiaoze Liu , Ruowang Zhang , Amir H. Abdi , Michel Galley , Zhikai Chen , Siheng Xiong , Xiaoqian Wang , Jing Gao

Large Language Model (LLM) agents increasingly operate across domains such as robotics, virtual assistants, and web automation. However, their stochastic decision-making introduces safety risks that are difficult to anticipate during…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Haoyu Wang , Christopher M. Poskitt , Jiali Wei , Jun Sun

Large language models (LLMs) are promising tools for supporting security management tasks, such as incident response planning. However, their unreliability and tendency to hallucinate remain significant challenges. In this paper, we address…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Kim Hammar , Tansu Alpcan , Emil Lupu

Current tool-using AI agents suffer from limited action space, context inefficiency, and probabilistic instability that makes them unsuitable for handling repetitive tasks which are otherwise reliably and efficiently tackled by agentic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Nishant Gaurav , Adit Akarsh , Tejas Ravishankar , Manoj Bajaj

LLM agents increasingly run inside execution harnesses that dispatch tools, allocate resources, and route messages between specialized components. However, a harness can return a correct, benign answer over a trajectory that accesses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Chengzhi Liu , Yichen Guo , Yepeng Liu , Yuzhe Yang , Qianqi Yan , Xuandong Zhao , Wenyue Hua , Sheng Liu , Sharon Li , Yuheng Bu , Xin Eric Wang

LLM agents process trusted instructions, retrieved records, and tool observations through a common generative channel. This conflates data flow with authority: an untrusted string can affect a secret-bearing response or an action proposal…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Faruk Alpay , Taylan Alpay