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A major problem of causal inference is the arrangement of dependent nodes in a directed acyclic graph (DAG) with path coefficients and observed confounders. Path coefficients do not provide the units to measure the strength of information…

We prove that for every class of graphs $\mathcal{C}$ which is nowhere dense, as defined by Nesetril and Ossona de Mendez, and for every first order formula $\phi(\bar x,\bar y)$, whenever one draws a graph $G\in \mathcal{C}$ and a subset…

We investigate torsion elements in the kernel of the map on divisor class groups of excellent local normal domains A and A/I, for an ideal I of finite projective dimension. The motivation for this work is a result of Griffith-Weston which…

Let $G$ be a connected graph and let $\mathbb{X}$ be the set of projective points defined by the column vectors of the incidence matrix of $G$ over a field $K$ of any characteristic. We determine the generalized Hamming weights of the…

Degree-based graph construction is an ubiquitous problem in network modeling, ranging from social sciences to chemical compounds and biochemical reaction networks in the cell. This problem includes existence, enumeration, exhaustive…

Let $G=(V,E)$ be a graph. A set of vertices $A$ is an incidence generator for $G$ if for any two distinct edges $e,f\in E(G)$ there exists a vertex from $A$ which is an endpoint of either $e$ or $f$. The smallest cardinality of an incidence…

We verify that persistent observers in causally invariant hypergraph substrates satisfy the conditions of the Conant-Ashby Good Regulator Theorem. Building on Wolfram's hypergraph physics and Vanchurin's neural network cosmology, we…

We provide a unified approach, via deformations of incidence algebras, to several important types of representations with finiteness conditions, as well as the combinatorial algebras which produce them. We show that over finite dimensional…

Out-of-distribution generalization under distributional shifts remains a critical challenge for graph neural networks. Existing methods generally adopt the Invariant Risk Minimization (IRM) framework, requiring costly environment…

Identification theory for causal effects in causal models associated with hidden variable directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) is well studied. However, the corresponding algorithms are underused due to the complexity of estimating the…

When a category $\mathcal{C}$ satisfies certain conditions, we define the notion of rank invariant for arbitrary poset-indexed functors $F:\mathbf{P} \rightarrow \mathcal{C}$ from a category theory perspective. This generalizes the standard…

A graph property is a function $\Phi$ that maps every graph to {0, 1} and is invariant under isomorphism. In the $\#IndSub(\Phi)$ problem, given a graph $G$ and an integer $k$, the task is to count the number of $k$-vertex induced subgraphs…

Given a graph $G = (V,E)$, a subgraph $H$ is an \emph{additive $+\beta$ spanner} if $\dist_H(u,v) \le \dist_G(u,v) + \beta$ for all $u, v \in V$. A \emph{pairwise spanner} is a spanner for which the above inequality only must hold for…

Let S and T be vectors of positive integers with the same sum. We study the uniform distribution on the space of simple bipartite graphs with degree sequence S in one part and T in the other; equivalently, binary matrices with row sums S…

In this paper, we demonstrate a useful interaction between the theory of clique partitions, edge clique covers of a graph, and the spectra of graphs. Using a clique partition and an edge clique cover of a graph we introduce the notion of a…

Let $ H $ be a multi-digraph on $ h $ vertices with $ q $ arcs. An \textbf{$H$-subdivision} in a digraph $D$ is a subdigraph obtained by replacing every arc $uv$ of $H$ with a path from $u$ to $v$ in $D$ such that these paths are pairwise…

Let $G$ be a graph and $\mathcal{F}$ a family of graphs. Define $\alpha_{\mathcal{F}}(G)$ as the maximum order of any induced subgraph of $G$ that belongs to the family $\mathcal{F}$. For the family $\mathcal{F}$ of graphs with…

In the past two decades, various properties of randomly perturbed/augmented (hyper)graphs have been intensively studied, since the model was introduced by Bohman, Frieze and Martin in 2003. The model usually considers a deterministic graph…

Fix a field $k$. When $\Delta$ is a simplicial complex on $n$ vertices with Stanley-Reisner ideal $I_\Delta$, we define and study an invariant called the $\textit{type defect}$ of $\Delta$. Except when $\Delta$ is of a single simplex, the…

We initiate the study of local topology of random graphs. The high level goal is to characterize local "motifs" in graphs. In this paper, we consider what we call the layer-$r$ subgraphs for an input graph $G = (V,E)$: Specifically, the…