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There are concerns that the ability of language models (LMs) to generate high quality synthetic text can be misused to launch spam, disinformation, or propaganda. Therefore, the research community is actively working on developing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Nirav Diwan , Tanmoy Chakravorty , Zubair Shafiq

Source code authorship attribution is important in software forensics, plagiarism detection, and protecting software patch integrity. Existing techniques often rely on supervised machine learning, which struggles with generalization across…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Soohyeon Choi , Yong Kiam Tan , Mark Huasong Meng , Mohamed Ragab , Soumik Mondal , David Mohaisen , Khin Mi Mi Aung

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) for code generation has raised serious concerns about intellectual property protection. Malicious users can exploit LLMs to produce paraphrased versions of proprietary code that closely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Shinwoo Park , Hyundong Jin , Jeong-won Cha , Yo-Sub Han

Increasing test-time compute for LLMs shows promise across domains but remains underexplored in code generation, despite extensive study in math. In this paper, we propose S*, the first hybrid test-time scaling framework that substantially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Dacheng Li , Shiyi Cao , Chengkun Cao , Xiuyu Li , Shangyin Tan , Kurt Keutzer , Jiarong Xing , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Ion Stoica

The wide applicability and adaptability of generative large language models (LLMs) has enabled their rapid adoption. While the pre-trained models can perform many tasks, such models are often fine-tuned to improve their performance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Myles Foley , Ambrish Rawat , Taesung Lee , Yufang Hou , Gabriele Picco , Giulio Zizzo

Large language models are increasingly customized through fine-tuning and other adaptations, creating challenges in enforcing licensing terms and managing downstream impacts. Tracking model origins is crucial both for protecting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Ivica Nikolic , Teodora Baluta , Prateek Saxena

Software traceability establishes associations between diverse software artifacts such as requirements, design, code, and test cases. Due to the non-trivial costs of manually creating and maintaining links, many researchers have proposed…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Yalin Liu , Jinfeng Lin , Jane Cleland-Huang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into many technological ecosystems across various domains and industries, identifying which model is deployed or being interacted with is critical for the security and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Saeif Alhazbi , Ahmed Mohamed Hussain , Gabriele Oligeri , Panos Papadimitratos

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in various natural language processing tasks; however, their application to graph-related problems remains limited, primarily due to scalability constraints and the absence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Hyun Lee , Chris Yi , Maminur Islam , B. D. S. Aritra

Software developers frequently hard-code credentials such as passwords, generic secrets, private keys, and generic tokens in software repositories, even though it is strictly advised against due to the severe threat to the security of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Chidera Biringa , Gokhan Kul

Source code segmentation, dividing code into functionally coherent segments, is crucial for knowledge retrieval and maintenance in software development. While enabling efficient navigation and comprehension of large codebases, manual and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Abdelhalim Dahou , Ansgar Scherp , Sebastian Kurten , Brigitte Mathiak , Madhu Chauhan

Despite various approaches being employed to detect vulnerabilities, the number of reported vulnerabilities shows an upward trend over the years. This suggests the problems are not caught before the code is released, which could be caused…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Karl Tamberg , Hayretdin Bahsi

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, their deployment often involves fine-tuning to enhance performance on specific downstream tasks. However, this customization is sometimes accompanied by misleading claims about the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Hongyu Liang , Yuting Zheng , Yihan Li , Yiran Zhang , Shiyu Liang

Background: Leaking sensitive information - such as API keys, tokens, and credentials - in source code remains a persistent security threat. Traditional regex and entropy-based tools often generate high false positives due to limited…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Md Nafiu Rahman , Sadif Ahmed , Zahin Wahab , S M Sohan , Rifat Shahriyar

With the involvement of multiple programming languages in modern software development, cross-lingual code clone detection has gained traction within the software engineering community. Numerous studies have explored this topic, proposing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Micheline Bénédicte Moumoula , Abdoul Kader Kabore , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé Bissyande

Training large language models (LLMs) is highly resource-intensive due to their massive number of parameters and the overhead of optimizer states. While recent work has aimed to reduce memory consumption, such efforts often entail…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Sahar Rajabi , Nayeema Nonta , Sirisha Rambhatla

Retrieval over large codebases is a key component of modern LLM-based software engineering systems. Existing approaches predominantly rely on dense embedding models, while learned sparse retrieval (LSR) remains largely unexplored for code.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Simon Lupart , Maxime Louis , Thibault Formal , Hervé Déjean , Stéphane Clinchant

Large pre-trained language models have been used to generate code,providing a flexible interface for synthesizing programs from natural language specifications. However, they often violate syntactic and semantic rules of their output…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-28 Gabriel Poesia , Oleksandr Polozov , Vu Le , Ashish Tiwari , Gustavo Soares , Christopher Meek , Sumit Gulwani

Recent advances confirm that large language models (LLMs) can achieve state-of-the-art performance across various tasks. However, due to the resource-intensive nature of training LLMs from scratch, it is urgent and crucial to protect the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Zhiguang Yang , Hanzhou Wu

The issue of clone code has persisted in software engineering, primarily because developers often copy and paste code segments. This common practice has elevated the importance of clone code detection, garnering attention from both software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-12 QiHong Chen , Lianghao Jiang , Iftekhar Ahmed