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Automated testing is essential for evaluating and improving the reliability of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet the lack of automated oracles for verifying output correctness remains a key challenge. We present LLMORPH, an automated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Steven Cho , Stefano Ruberto , Valerio Terragni

Tool-augmented large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in tackling a broad range of tasks. However, existing methods are mainly restricted to specifically designed tools and fail to fulfill complex instructions,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Yifan Song , Weimin Xiong , Dawei Zhu , Wenhao Wu , Han Qian , Mingbo Song , Hailiang Huang , Cheng Li , Ke Wang , Rong Yao , Ye Tian , Sujian Li

Modern web services routinely provide REST APIs for clients to access their functionality. These APIs present unique challenges and opportunities for automated testing, driving the recent development of many techniques and tools that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Myeongsoo Kim , Qi Xin , Saurabh Sinha , Alessandro Orso

Using large language models (LLMs) to perform natural language processing (NLP) tasks has become increasingly pervasive in recent times. The versatile nature of LLMs makes them applicable to a wide range of such tasks. While the performance…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Steven Cho , Stefano Ruberto , Valerio Terragni

Enterprise applications are typically tested at multiple levels, with service-level testing playing an important role in validating application functionality. Existing service-level testing tools, especially for RESTful APIs, often employ…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Rangeet Pan , Raju Pavuluri , Ruikai Huang , Rahul Krishna , Tyler Stennett , Alessandro Orso , Saurabh SInha

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multi-Agent LLMs (MALLMs) introduce non-determinism unlike traditional or machine learning software, requiring new approaches to verifying correctness beyond simple output comparisons or statistical accuracy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Felix Dobslaw , Robert Feldt , Juyeon Yoon , Shin Yoo

The growing dependence on mobile phones and their apps has made multi-user interactive features, like chat calls, live streaming, and video conferencing, indispensable for bridging the gaps in social connectivity caused by physical and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Sidong Feng , Changhao Du , Huaxiao Liu , Qingnan Wang , Zhengwei Lv , Mengfei Wang , Chunyang Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have introduced substantial challenges to software quality assurance due to their generative, probabilistic, and open-ended nature, which intensifies the oracle problem and limits the applicability of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zheng Zheng , Zenghui Zhou , Yinwang Xu , Daixu Ren , Tsong Yueh Chen

LLM-based coding agents are increasingly used to generate code, tests, and documentation. Still, their outputs can be plausible yet misaligned with developer intent and provide limited evidence for review in evolving projects. This limits…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Ragib Shahariar Ayon

The rapid adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) in interactive systems has enabled the creation of dynamic, open-ended Role-Playing Agents (RPAs). However, evaluating these agents remains a significant challenge, as standard NLP metrics…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Riccardo Rosati , Edoardo Colucci , Massimiliano Bolognini , Adriano Mancini , Paolo Sernani

AI agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are being used to solve increasingly complex software engineering challenges, but struggle with hardware design tasks. Register Transfer Level (RTL) code presents a unique challenge for…

In API testing, deriving logical constraints on API response bodies to be used as oracles is crucial for generating test cases and performing automated testing of RESTful APIs. However, existing approaches are restricted to dynamic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Hieu Huynh , Tri Le , Tu Nguyen , Viet Nguyen , Vu Nguyen , Tien N. Nguyen

LLM agents are increasingly deployed to plan, retrieve, and write with tools, yet evaluation still leans on static benchmarks and small human studies. We present the Agent-Testing Agent (ATA), a meta-agent that combines static code…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Sameer Komoravolu , Khalil Mrini

Agentic AI is transforming security by automating many tasks being performed manually. While initial agentic approaches employed a monolithic architecture, the Model-Context-Protocol has now enabled a remote-procedure call (RPC) paradigm to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zachary Ezetta , Wu-chang Feng

With this paper, we introduce RESTifAI, an LLM-driven approach for generating reusable, CI/CD ready REST API tests, following the happy-path approach. Unlike existing tools that often focus primarily on internal server errors, RESTifAI…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Leon Kogler , Maximilian Ehrhart , Benedikt Dornauer , Eduard Paul Enoiu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to support software testing tasks, yet there is little evidence of their effectiveness for REST API testing in industrial settings. To address this gap, we replicate our earlier work on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Tolgahan Bardakci , Andreas Faes , Mutlu Beyazit , Serge Demeyr

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models are multimodal robotic task controllers that, given an instruction and visual inputs, produce a sequence of low-level control actions (or motor commands) enabling a robot to execute the requested task in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Pablo Valle , Sergio Segura , Shaukat Ali , Aitor Arrieta

LLM-based tool agents offer natural language interfaces, enabling users to seamlessly interact with computing services. While REST APIs are valuable resources for building such agents, they must first be transformed into AI-compatible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Xinyi Ni , Qiuyang Wang , Yukun Zhang , Pengyu Hong

The recent surge of building software systems powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to the development of various testing frameworks, primarily focused on treating prompt templates as the unit of testing. Despite the significant…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Juyeon Yoon , Robert Feldt , Shin Yoo

LLM-based agents are rapidly being adopted across diverse domains. Since they interact with users without supervision, they must be tested extensively. Current testing approaches focus on acceptance-level evaluation from the user's…