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Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) assumes annotator preferences reflect stable internal states. We challenge this through three experiments spanning the preference pipeline. In a human choice blindness study, 91% of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Wenbin Wu

Current human-AI alignment and evaluation methods for large language models (LLMs) often rely on preference signals collected immediately after an interaction. This practice implicitly treats preference as static, even though many…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Simret Araya Gebreegziabher , Allison E Sproul , Yinuo Yang , Chaoran Chen , Diego Gómez-Zará , Toby Jia-Jun Li

Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF) has been demonstrated to significantly enhance the performance of large language models (LLMs) by aligning their outputs with desired human values through instruction tuning. However, RLHF…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Zhang Ze Yu , Lau Jia Jaw , Zhang Hui , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

Human activity recognition in videos has been widely studied and has recently gained significant advances with deep learning approaches; however, it remains a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a novel framework that simultaneously…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Dong-Gyu Lee , Seong-Whan Lee

Persona-assigned large language models (LLMs) are used in domains such as education, healthcare, and sociodemographic simulation. Yet, they are typically evaluated only in short, single-round settings that do not reflect real-world usage.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Pedro Henrique Luz de Araujo , Michael A. Hedderich , Ali Modarressi , Hinrich Schuetze , Benjamin Roth

Conversational recommender systems (CRS) based on Large Language Models (LLMs) need to constantly be aligned to the user preferences to provide satisfying and context-relevant item recommendations. The traditional supervised fine-tuning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Zhongheng Yang , Aijia Sun , Yushang Zhao , Yinuo Yang , Dannier Li , Chengrui Zhou

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) facilitates the alignment of large language models with human preferences, significantly enhancing the quality of interactions between humans and models. InstructGPT implements RLHF through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Zheng Yuan , Hongyi Yuan , Chuanqi Tan , Wei Wang , Songfang Huang , Fei Huang

Recently, ChatGPT or InstructGPT like large language models (LLM) has made a significant impact in the AI world. Many works have attempted to reproduce the complex InstructGPT's training pipeline, namely Reinforcement Learning with Human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Youshao Xiao , Zhenglei Zhou , Fagui Mao , Weichang Wu , Shangchun Zhao , Lin Ju , Lei Liang , Xiaolu Zhang , Jun Zhou

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a standard approach for post-training large language models and, more recently, for improving image generation models, which uses reward functions to enhance generation quality and human preference…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Yunqi Hong , Kuei-Chun Kao , Hengguang Zhou , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Model alignment with human preferences is an essential step in making Large Language Models (LLMs) helpful and consistent with human values. It typically consists of supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning from human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Yi Dong , Zhilin Wang , Makesh Narsimhan Sreedhar , Xianchao Wu , Oleksii Kuchaiev

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is the standard for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs), yet recent progress has moved beyond canonical text-based methods. This survey synthesizes the new frontier of alignment research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Raghav Sharma , Manan Mehta , Sai Tiger Raina

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) is widely used to train large language models (LLMs). However, it is unclear whether LLMs accurately learn the underlying preferences in human feedback data. We coin the term \textit{Learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Luke Marks , Amir Abdullah , Clement Neo , Rauno Arike , David Krueger , Philip Torr , Fazl Barez

Understanding convergent learning -- the degree to which independently trained neural systems -- whether multiple artificial networks or brains and models -- arrive at similar internal representations -- is crucial for both neuroscience and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-01-26 Chaitanya Kapoor , Sudhanshu Srivastava , Meenakshi Khosla

Nine language-vision AI models trained on web scrapes with the Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (CLIP) objective are evaluated for evidence of a bias studied by psychologists: the sexual objectification of girls and women, which…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Robert Wolfe , Yiwei Yang , Bill Howe , Aylin Caliskan

We study the problem of reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), a critical problem in training large language models, from a theoretical perspective. Our main contribution is the design of novel sample-efficient RLHF algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Han Qi , Haochen Yang , Qiaosheng Zhang , Zhuoran Yang

Background: Large language models are typically evaluated as models, benchmarks, or short conversational episodes. Less is known about what happens when an agent is embedded persistently in a real academic research environment with durable…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Anas H. Alzahrani

We present an experimental methodology for investigating how large language models (LLMs) respond to descriptions of their own internal processing patterns. Using a paired-choice paradigm, we tested 12 LLMs on their ability to identify…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Annika Hedberg

While large language models (LLMs) excel at understanding and generating plain text, they are not tailored to handle hierarchical text structures or directly predict task-specific properties such as text rating. In fact, selectively and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Chenxi Lin , Jiayu Ren , Guoxiu He , Zhuoren Jiang , Haiyan Yu , Xiaomin Zhu

Empathy is central to human connection, yet people often struggle to express it effectively. In blinded evaluations, large language models (LLMs) generate responses that are often judged more empathic than human-written ones. Yet when a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Aakriti Kumar , Nalin Poungpeth , Diyi Yang , Bruce Lambert , Matthew Groh

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to simulate human users in interactive settings such as therapy, education, and social role-play. While these simulations enable scalable training and evaluation of AI agents, off-the-shelf…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Marwa Abdulhai , Ryan Cheng , Donovan Clay , Tim Althoff , Sergey Levine , Natasha Jaques