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Trustworthiness in neural networks is crucial for their deployment in critical applications, where reliability, confidence, and uncertainty play pivotal roles in decision-making. Traditional performance metrics such as accuracy and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Koffi Ismael Ouattara , Ioannis Krontiris , Theo Dimitrakos , Frank Kargl

Evidence-grounded reasoning requires more than attaching retrieved text to a prediction: a model should make decisions that depend on whether the provided evidence supports the target claim. In practice, this often fails because supervision…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Soroosh Tayebi Arasteh , Mehdi Joodaki , Mahshad Lotfinia , Sven Nebelung , Daniel Truhn

A central prediction of the accompanying theoretical framework is that metacognitive calibration can vary even when content-level performance is held approximately fixed, depending on whether support structure is preserved in a globally…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-02 Mark Walsh

Multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (MRAG) enhances reasoning capabilities by integrating external knowledge. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on simple image-text interactions, overlooking complex visual formats like…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Yuming Yang , Jiang Zhong , Li Jin , Jingwang Huang , Jingpeng Gao , Qing Liu , Yang Bai , Jingyuan Zhang , Rui Jiang , Kaiwen Wei

Certifying neural network robustness against adversarial examples is challenging, as formal guarantees often require solving non-convex problems. Hence, incomplete verifiers are widely used because they scale efficiently and substantially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Mohammadreza Maleki , Rushendra Sidibomma , Arman Adibi , Reza Samavi

Lifted inference algorithms exploit symmetries in probabilistic models to speed up inference. They show impressive performance when calculating unconditional probabilities in relational models, but often resort to non-lifted inference when…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-11-27 Guy Van den Broeck , Adnan Darwiche

Identification of appropriate supporting evidence is critical to the success of scientific fact checking. However, existing approaches rely on off-the-shelf Information Retrieval algorithms that rank documents based on relevance rather than…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Xingyu Deng , Xi Wang , Mark Stevenson

Aiming to identify precise evidence sources from visual documents, visual evidence attribution for visual document retrieval-augmented generation (VD-RAG) ensures reliable and verifiable predictions from vision-language models (VLMs) in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Shuochen Liu , Pengfei Luo , Chao Zhang , Yuhao Chen , Haotian Zhang , Qi Liu , Xin Kou , Tong Xu , Enhong Chen

Standard Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems predominantly rely on semantic relevance as a proxy for utility. However, this assumption collapses in realistic decision-making scenarios where user queries are laden with cognitive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Peiyang Liu , Qiang Yan , Ziqiang Cui , Di Liang , Xi Wang , Wei Ye

Large Deep Learning models are often compressed before being deployed in a resource-constrained environment. Can we trust the prediction of compressed models just as we trust the prediction of the original large model? Existing work has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Rohit Raj Rai , Chirag Kothari , Siddhesh Shelke , Amit Awekar

Reasoning language models can solve increasingly complex tasks, but struggle to produce the calibrated confidence estimates necessary for reliable deployment. Existing calibration methods usually depend on labels or repeated sampling at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Thomas Zollo , Jimmy Wang , Richard Zemel

Reinsurance treaty pricing must satisfy stringent regulatory standards, yet current quoting practices remain opaque and difficult to audit. We introduce ClauseLens, a clause-grounded reinforcement learning framework that produces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Stella C. Dong , James R. Finlay

Recent advances in reinforcement learning (RL) have led to substantial improvements in the mathematical reasoning abilities of LLMs, as measured by standard benchmarks. Yet these gains often persist even when models are trained with flawed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Jian Yao , Ran Cheng , Kay Chen Tan

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) and Rubrics as Rewards (RaR) have driven strong gains in domains with clear correctness signals and even in subjective domains by synthesizing evaluation criteria from ideal reference…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Wisdom Ikezogwo , Mehmet Saygin Seyfioglu , Ranjay Krishna , Karim Bouyarmane

Retrieval systems are central to many NLP pipelines, but often rely on surface-level cues such as keyword overlap and lexical semantic similarity. To evaluate retrieval beyond these shallow signals, recent benchmarks introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Zeinab Sadat Taghavi , Ali Modarressi , Yunpu Ma , Hinrich Schütze

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) replaces costly human labeling with automated verifiers. To reduce verifier hacking, many RLVR systems binarize rewards to $\{0,1\}$, but imperfect verifiers inevitably introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Xin-Qiang Cai , Wei Wang , Feng Liu , Tongliang Liu , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has become a standard paradigm for post-training language models, but in practice, verifiers are rarely perfect. Recent theoretical work predicts that verifier noise affects the rate of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Ryo Mitsuhashi , Patrick Chen , Isabelle Tseng , Jasin Cekinmez , Addison J. Wu

We study a protocol-level test for weak-label benchmarks: whether benchmark outputs change when the provided evidence is intervened on. Metadata-only shortcut checks answer a different question, namely whether outputs are predictable from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Kan Shao

Fairness in toxicity classification involves three integrated axes: ranking, calibration, and abstention. Training-time interventions and post-hoc safety mechanisms cannot be evaluated independently because the former determines the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Mokshit Surana

In this work, we tackle the challenge of disambiguating queries in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) to diverse yet answerable interpretations. State-of-the-arts follow a Diversify-then-Verify (DtV) pipeline, where diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Youngwon Lee , Seung-won Hwang , Ruofan Wu , Feng Yan , Danmei Xu , Moutasem Akkad , Zhewei Yao , Yuxiong He