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Energy-based models are a simple yet powerful class of probabilistic models, but their widespread adoption has been limited by the computational burden of training them. We propose a novel loss function called Energy Discrepancy (ED) which…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-28 Tobias Schröder , Zijing Ou , Jen Ning Lim , Yingzhen Li , Sebastian J. Vollmer , Andrew B. Duncan

Pre-trained language models in the past years have shown exponential growth in model parameters and compute time. ELECTRA is a novel approach for improving the compute efficiency of pre-trained language models (e.g. BERT) based on masked…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Junmo Kang , Suwon Shin , Jeonghwan Kim , Jaeyoung Jo , Sung-Hyon Myaeng

Deep Reinforcement Learning is a promising tool for robotic control, yet practical application is often hindered by the difficulty of designing effective reward functions. Real-world tasks typically require optimizing multiple objectives…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Kilian Freitag , Knut Åkesson , Morteza Haghir Chehreghani

Text-based role-playing models can imitate character styles, yet they often fail to reflect a scene's atmosphere and evolving tension, both essential for immersive applications such as Virtual Reality (VR) games and interactive narratives.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Miao Wang , Yuling Shi , Yijiang Li , Yeheng Chen , Xiaodong Gu , Bin Li , Bo Gao , Yaduan Ruan

Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly advanced and demonstrated impressive capabilities. In-Context Learning (ICL) and Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) are currently two mainstream methods for augmenting LLMs to downstream tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Luohe Shi , Yao Yao , Zuchao Li , Lefei Zhang , Hai Zhao

While guided decoding, especially value-guided methods, has emerged as a cost-effective alternative for controlling language model outputs without re-training models, its effectiveness is limited by the accuracy of the value function. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zhenhua Liu , Lijun Li , Ruizhe Chen , Yuxian Jiang , Tong Zhu , Zhaochen Su , Wenliang Chen , Jing Shao

Deep learning has enabled remarkable progress in binary code analysis. In particular, pre-trained embeddings of assembly code have become a gold standard for solving analysis tasks, such as measuring code similarity or recognizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Alwin Maier , Felix Weissberg , Konrad Rieck

Pre-trained language models have been successfully used in response generation for open-domain dialogue. Four main frameworks have been proposed: (1) Transformer-ED using Transformer encoder and decoder separately for source and target…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Yan Zeng , Jian-Yun Nie

Reinforcement learning algorithms typically struggle in the absence of a dense, well-shaped reward function. Intrinsically motivated exploration methods address this limitation by rewarding agents for visiting novel states or transitions,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Yuqing Du , Olivia Watkins , Zihan Wang , Cédric Colas , Trevor Darrell , Pieter Abbeel , Abhishek Gupta , Jacob Andreas

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across numerous academic benchmarks. However, fine-tuning still remains essential to achieve satisfactory performance on downstream tasks, while the task-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Barry Menglong Yao , Qifan Wang , Lifu Huang

Language models trained on large amounts of data are known to produce inappropriate content in some cases and require careful tuning to be used in the real world. We revisit an effective and modular approach for controllability of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Sergey Troshin , Vlad Niculae , Antske Fokkens

Energy-based models (EBMs) have experienced a resurgence within machine learning in recent years, including as a promising alternative for probabilistic regression. However, energy-based regression requires a proposal distribution to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Fredrik K. Gustafsson , Martin Danelljan , Thomas B. Schön

Training energy-based models (EBMs) on discrete spaces is challenging because sampling over such spaces can be difficult. We propose to train discrete EBMs with energy discrepancy (ED), a novel type of contrastive loss functional which only…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-07-18 Tobias Schröder , Zijing Ou , Yingzhen Li , Andrew B. Duncan

Energy-Based Models (EBMs) present a flexible and appealing way to represent uncertainty. Despite recent advances, training EBMs on high-dimensional data remains a challenging problem as the state-of-the-art approaches are costly, unstable,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Will Grathwohl , Jacob Kelly , Milad Hashemi , Mohammad Norouzi , Kevin Swersky , David Duvenaud

Consider learning a policy purely on the basis of demonstrated behavior -- that is, with no access to reinforcement signals, no knowledge of transition dynamics, and no further interaction with the environment. This *strictly batch…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-01-15 Daniel Jarrett , Ioana Bica , Mihaela van der Schaar

Reward models are central to aligning large language models, yet they often overfit to spurious cues such as response length and overly agreeable tone. Most prior work weakens these cues directly by penalizing or controlling specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Yunsheng Lu , Zijiang Yang , Licheng Pan , Zhixuan Chu

Most existing pre-trained language models for source code focus on learning the static code text, typically augmented with static code structures (abstract syntax tree, dependency graphs, etc.). However, program semantics will not be fully…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Yangruibo Ding , Ben Steenhoek , Kexin Pei , Gail Kaiser , Wei Le , Baishakhi Ray

By reinterpreting a robust discriminative classifier as Energy-based Model (EBM), we offer a new take on the dynamics of adversarial training (AT). Our analysis of the energy landscape during AT reveals that untargeted attacks generate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Mujtaba Hussain Mirza , Maria Rosaria Briglia , Senad Beadini , Iacopo Masi

The recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have been extraordinary, yet the escalating inference costs associated with them present challenges in real-world applications. To address these challenges, we propose a novel approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Jiahao Liu , Qifan Wang , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai

This paper presents a new pre-trained language model, DeBERTaV3, which improves the original DeBERTa model by replacing mask language modeling (MLM) with replaced token detection (RTD), a more sample-efficient pre-training task. Our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Pengcheng He , Jianfeng Gao , Weizhu Chen