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Automatically generating source code from natural language descriptions has been a growing field of research in recent years. However, current large-scale code generation models often encounter difficulties when selecting appropriate APIs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Kechi Zhang , Huangzhao Zhang , Ge Li , Jia Li , Zhuo Li , Zhi Jin

Large language models are redefining software engineering by implementing AI-powered techniques throughout the whole software development process, including requirement gathering, software architecture, code generation, testing, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Malik Abdul Sami , Muhammad Waseem , Zeeshan Rasheed , Mika Saari , Kari Systä , Pekka Abrahamsson

Enterprise teams building internal coding agents face a gap between prototype performance and production readiness. The root cause is that technical model quality alone is insufficient -- tool design, safety enforcement, state management,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Gustavo Pinto , Pedro Eduardo de Paula Naves , Ana Paula Camargo , Marselle Silva

Effective tool use is essential for agentic AI, yet training agents to utilize tools remains challenging due to manually designed rewards, limited training data, and poor multi-tool selection, resulting in slow adaptation, wasted…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Quy Minh Le , Minh Sao Khue Luu , Khanh-Tung Tran , Duc-Hai Nguyen , Hoang-Quoc-Viet Pham , Quan Le , Hoang Thanh Lam , Hoang D. Nguyen

Effective interactive tool use requires agents to master Tool Integrated Reasoning (TIR): a complex process involving multi-turn planning and long-context dialogue management. To train agents for this dynamic process, particularly in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Weiting Tan , Xinghua Qu , Ming Tu , Meng Ge , Andy T. Liu , Philipp Koehn , Lu Lu

Scaling test-time computation improves performance across different tasks on large language models (LLMs), which has also been extended to tool-augmented agents. For these agents, scaling involves not only "thinking" in tokens but also…

Autonomous agents based on large language models (LLMs) are rapidly evolving to handle multi-turn tasks, but ensuring their trustworthiness remains a critical challenge. A fundamental pillar of this trustworthiness is calibration, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Weihao Xuan , Qingcheng Zeng , Heli Qi , Yunze Xiao , Junjue Wang , Naoto Yokoya

This chapter argues that the reliability of agentic and generative AI is chiefly an architectural property. We define agentic systems as goal-directed, tool-using decision makers operating in closed loops, and show how reliability emerges…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Sławomir Nowaczyk

Organizations deploying AI-enabled Intelligent Transportation Systems face fragmented governance: ISO/IEC 42001 demands a certifiable management system, the EU AI Act imposes binding high-risk obligations from August 2026, and the NIST AI…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Talal Ashraf Butt , Muhammad Iqbal , Razi Iqbal

Modern machine learning systems rely on complex data engineering workflows to extract, transform, and load (ELT) data into production pipelines. However, constructing these pipelines remains time-consuming and requires substantial expertise…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Rohan Siva , Kai Cheung , Lichi Li , Ganesh Sundaram

Task oriented language understanding in dialog systems is often modeled using intents (task of a query) and slots (parameters for that task). Intent detection and slot tagging are, in turn, modeled using sentence classification and word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Arash Einolghozati , Sonal Gupta , Mrinal Mohit , Rushin Shah

Autonomous AI agents now transact at production scale -- 69,000 bots executing 165 million transactions across 50 million USDC in cumulative volume on a single marketplace -- without any shared trust layer between participants. Regulatory…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Lars Kersten Kroehl

This paper introduces BioAgent Bench, a benchmark dataset and an evaluation suite designed for measuring the performance and robustness of AI agents in common bioinformatics tasks. The benchmark contains curated end-to-end tasks (e.g.,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Dionizije Fa , Marko Culjak , Bruno Pandza , Mateo Cupic

Significant focus has been placed on integrating large language models (LLMs) with various tools in developing general-purpose agents. This poses a challenge to LLMs' tool-use capabilities. However, there are evident gaps between existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Jize Wang , Zerun Ma , Yining Li , Songyang Zhang , Cailian Chen , Kai Chen , Xinyi Le

AI agents are increasingly used to solve complex, multi-step tasks, but existing multi-agent frameworks remain brittle as workflows grow in scale and depth. Small errors at intermediate stages can propagate through agent interactions, while…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Andy Xu , Yu-Wing Tai

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) on repository-level feature implementation is a critical frontier in software engineering. However, establishing a benchmark that faithfully mirrors realistic development scenarios remains a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Haorui Chen , Chengze Li , Jia Li

Proof autoformalization, the task of translating natural language theorems and proofs into machine-verifiable code, is a critical step for integrating large language models into rigorous mathematical workflows. Current approaches focus on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Rafael Cabral , Tuan Manh Do , Xuejun Yu , Wai Ming Tai , Zijin Feng , Xin Shen

LLM agents are increasingly deployed to automate real-world tasks by invoking APIs through natural language instructions. While powerful, they often suffer from misinterpretation of user intent, leading to the agent's actions that diverge…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Shiwei Feng , Xiangzhe Xu , Xuan Chen , Kaiyuan Zhang , Syed Yusuf Ahmed , Zian Su , Mingwei Zheng , Xiangyu Zhang

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) in real-world applications is increasingly limited by their high inference cost. While recent advances in dynamic token-level computation allocation attempt to improve efficiency by selectively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Chao Han , Yijuan Liang , Zihao Xuan , Daokuan Wu , Wei Zhang , Xiaoyu Shen

Despite remarkable advances in Large Language Model capabilities, tool retrieval for agent-based systems remains fundamentally limited by reliance on semantic similarity, which fails to capture functional viability. Current methods often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Zongze Wu , Yani Guo , Churong Liang , Runnan Li