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Rotary positional embeddings (RoPE) are widely used in large language models to encode token positions through multiplicative rotations, yet their behavior at long context lengths remains poorly characterized. In this work, we reinterpret…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Feilong Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have advanced in large strides due to the effectiveness of the self-attention mechanism that processes and compares all tokens at once. However, this mechanism comes with a fundamental issue -- the predetermined…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Howard Chen , Ramakanth Pasunuru , Jason Weston , Asli Celikyilmaz

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has led to a significant increase in automated tools in the software engineering, capable of performing various code-related tasks such as code generation, completion, and translation.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Madhusudan Ghosh , Rishabh Gupta

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly operate in settings that require reliable long-context understanding, such as retrieval-augmented generation and multi-document reasoning. A common strategy is to fine-tune pretrained short-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Zichong Li , Chen Liang , Liliang Ren , Tuo Zhao , Yelong Shen , Weizhu Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown exciting performance in listwise passage ranking. Due to the limited input length, existing methods often adopt the sliding window strategy. Such a strategy, though effective, is inefficient as it…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Wenhan Liu , Xinyu Ma , Yutao Zhu , Ziliang Zhao , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Zhicheng Dou

Large Language Diffusion Models, or diffusion LLMs, have emerged as a significant focus in NLP research, with substantial effort directed toward understanding their scalability and downstream task performance. However, their long-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Xiaoran Liu , Yuerong Song , Zhigeng Liu , Zengfeng Huang , Qipeng Guo , Ziwei He , Xipeng Qiu

Vision-language Models (VLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in advancing general artificial intelligence, yet the irrational encoding of visual positions persists in inhibiting the models' comprehensive perception performance across…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Zhanpeng Chen , Mingxiao Li , Ziyang Chen , Nan Du , Xiaolong Li , Yuexian Zou

Extending the context window support of large language models (LLMs) is crucial for tasks with long-distance dependencies. RoPE-based interpolation and extrapolation methods, such as linear scaling and frequency-aware schemes, enable longer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Ye Qiao , Haocheng Xu , Xiaofan Zhang , Sitao Huang

Large language models (LLMs), although having revolutionized many fields, still suffer from the challenging extrapolation problem, where the inference ability of LLMs sharply declines beyond their max training lengths. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Xin Ma , Yang Liu , Jingjing Liu , Xiaoxu Ma

Since self-attention layers in Transformers are permutation invariant by design, positional encodings must be explicitly incorporated to enable spatial understanding. However, fixed-size lookup tables used in traditional learnable position…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Huayang Li , Yahui Liu , Hongyu Sun , Deng Cai , Leyang Cui , Wei Bi , Peilin Zhao , Taro Watanabe

This work introduces an efficient method to scale Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) to infinitely long inputs with bounded memory and computation. A key component in our proposed approach is a new attention technique dubbed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Tsendsuren Munkhdalai , Manaal Faruqui , Siddharth Gopal

The Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) mechanism has become a powerful enhancement to the Transformer architecture, which enables models to capture token relationships when encoding positional information. However, the RoPE mechanisms make…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yang Cao , Jiayan Huo , Yingyu Liang , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song

Extending LLM context windows is crucial for long range tasks. RoPE-based position interpolation (PI) methods like linear and frequency-aware scaling extend input lengths without retraining, while post-training quantization (PTQ) enables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Ye Qiao , Sitao Huang

Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) are pioneering advances in many natural language processing tasks, however, their exceptional capabilities are restricted within the preset context window of Transformer. Position Embedding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Guanzheng Chen , Xin Li , Zaiqiao Meng , Shangsong Liang , Lidong Bing

Rotary Positional Embedding (RoPE) is a widely adopted technique for encoding position in language models, which, while effective, causes performance breakdown when input length exceeds training length. Prior analyses assert (rightly) that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Davis Wertheimer , Aozhong Zhang , Derrick Liu , Penghang Yin , Naigang Wang

The extrapolation capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) based on Rotary Position Embedding is currently a topic of considerable interest. The mainstream approach to addressing extrapolation with LLMs involves modifying RoPE by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Xiaoran Liu , Hang Yan , Shuo Zhang , Chenxin An , Xipeng Qiu , Dahua Lin

Visual Language Models (VLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities in processing multimodal inputs, yet applications such as visual agents, which require handling multiple images and high-resolution videos, demand enhanced long-range…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Mukai Li , Lei Li , Shansan Gong , Qi Liu

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved strong performance on vision-language tasks, yet often suffer from inefficiencies due to redundant visual tokens. Existing token merging methods reduce sequence length but frequently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Mouxiao Huang , Borui Jiang , Dehua Zheng , Hailin Hu , Kai Han , Xinghao Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in contextual knowledge understanding. In this paper, we show that these concentrated massive values consistently emerge in specific regions of attention queries (Q) and keys (K)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Mingyu Jin , Kai Mei , Wujiang Xu , Mingjie Sun , Ruixiang Tang , Mengnan Du , Zirui Liu , Yongfeng Zhang

Many studies have revealed that large language models (LLMs) exhibit uneven awareness of different contextual positions. Their limited context awareness can lead to overlooking critical information and subsequent task failures. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Hongzhan Lin , Ang Lv , Yuhan Chen , Chen Zhu , Yang Song , Hengshu Zhu , Rui Yan