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Multi-agent systems represent a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, enabling complex problem-solving through coordinated specialized agents. However, these systems face fundamental challenges in context management,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Naveen Krishnan

Computer-use agents that combine GUI interaction with structured API calls via the Model Context Protocol (MCP) show promise for automating software tasks. However, existing approaches lack a principled understanding of how agents should…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tiantian He , Yihang Chen , Keyue Jiang , Ka Yiu Lee , Kaiwen Zhou , Kun Shao , Shuai Wang

This survey investigates how classical software design patterns can enhance the reliability and scalability of communication in Large Language Model (LLM)-driven agentic AI systems, focusing particularly on the Model Context Protocol (MCP).…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Anjana Sarkar , Soumyendu Sarkar

Large language model powered autonomous agents demand robust, standardized protocols to integrate tools, share contextual data, and coordinate tasks across heterogeneous systems. Ad-hoc integrations are difficult to scale, secure, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Abul Ehtesham , Aditi Singh , Gaurav Kumar Gupta , Saket Kumar

The rapid expansion of the model context protocol (MCP) ecosystem enables large language model (LLM)-based agents to access a wide range of external tools via a standardized interface. However, identifying appropriate MCP servers for a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Shiyu He , Zhiman Chen , Yuqi Zhao , Neng Zhang , Ran Mo , Yutao Ma

To complete assignments provided by humans in natural language, robots must interpret commands, generate and answer relevant questions for scene understanding, and manipulate target objects. Real-world deployments often require multiple…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Xiaopan Zhang , Zejin Wang , Zhixu Li , Jianpeng Yao , Jiachen Li

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardizes how AI agents discover and invoke external tools, with over 10,000 active servers and 97 million monthly SDK downloads as of early 2026. Yet MCP does not yet standardize how agents safely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Vasundra Srinivasan

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is rapidly emerging as a pivotal open standard, designed to enhance agent-tool integration and interoperability, and is positioned to unlock a new era of powerful, interconnected, and genuinely utilitarian…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Zikang Guo , Benfeng Xu , Chiwei Zhu , Wentao Hong , Xiaorui Wang , Zhendong Mao

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) (MCP Community, 2025) has emerged as a widely used framework for enabling LLM-based agents to communicate with external tools and services. The original MCP implementation (Anthropic, 2024) relies on a Large…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Meenakshi Amulya Jayanti , X. Y. Han

Multi-Agent Policy Gradient (MAPG) has made significant progress in recent years. However, centralized critics in state-of-the-art MAPG methods still face the centralized-decentralized mismatch (CDM) issue, which means sub-optimal actions…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Xingzhou Lou , Junge Zhang , Timothy J. Norman , Kaiqi Huang , Yali Du

Aiming at the problems of computational inefficiency and insufficient interpretability faced by large models in complex tasks such as multi-round reasoning and multi-modal collaboration, this study proposes a three-layer collaboration…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Luyan Zhang

In the artificial intelligence space, as we transition from isolated large language models to autonomous agents capable of complex reasoning and tool use. While foundational architectures and local context management protocols have been…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Naveen Kumar Krishnan

Large language model (LLM)-powered agents are increasingly used to plan and execute scientific workflows, yet most research cyberinfrastructure (CI) exposes heterogeneous APIs and implements security models that present barriers for use by…

This paper provides an in-depth technical analysis and implementation methodology of the open-source Agent-to-Agent (A2A) protocol developed by Google and the Model Context Protocol (MCP) introduced by Anthropic. While the evolution of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Cheonsu Jeong

AI development environments are evolving into observability first platforms that integrate real time telemetry, prompt traces, and evaluation feedback into the developer workflow. This paper introduces telemetry aware integrated development…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Vincent Koc , Jacques Verre , Douglas Blank , Abigail Morgan

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has unified the interface between Large Language Models (LLMs) and external tools, yet a fundamental gap remains in how agents conceptualize the environments within which they operate. Current paradigms are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Giridhar Ganapavarapu , Dhaval Patel

Over the past years, TCP has gone through numerous updates to provide performance enhancement under diverse network conditions. However, with respect to losses, little can be achieved with legacy TCP detection and recovery mechanisms. Both…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-07-31 Simone Ferlin , Stepan Kucera , Holger Claussen , Ozgu Alay

Multi-agent systems powered by Large Language Models face a critical challenge: agents communicate through natural language, leading to semantic drift, hallucination propagation, and inefficient token consumption. We propose G2CP…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Karim Ben Khaled , Davy Monticolo

Large language model(LLM)-driven multi-agent systems(MAS) coordinate specialized agents through predefined interaction topologies and have shown promise for complex tasks such as competition-level code generation. Recent studies demonstrate…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Siyu Wang , Ruotian Lu , Zhihao Yang , Yuchao Wang , Yanzhou Zhang , Lei Xu , Qimin Xu , Guojun Yin , Cailian Chen , Xinping Guan

Multi-agent systems (MAS) have emerged as a promising paradigm for solving complex tasks. Recent work has explored self-evolving MAS that automatically optimize agent capabilities or communication topologies. However, existing methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Chen Xu , Yicheng Hu , Ruizi Wang , Xinyu Lin , Wenjie Wang , Dongrui Liu , Fuli Feng
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