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There is growing demand for performing inference with hundreds of thousands of input tokens on trained transformer models. Inference at this extreme scale demands significant computational resources, hindering the application of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Ryan Synk , Monte Hoover , John Kirchenbauer , Neel Jain , Alex Stein , Manli Shu , Josue Melendez Sanchez , Ramani Duraiswami , Tom Goldstein

The escalating context length in Large Language Models (LLMs) creates a severe performance bottleneck around the Key-Value (KV) cache, whose memory-bound nature leads to significant GPU under-utilization. This paper introduces Mixture of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Myunghyun Rhee , Sookyung Choi , Euiseok Kim , Joonseop Sim , Youngpyo Joo , Hoshik Kim

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have shown promising accuracy improvements on complex problem-solving tasks. While these models have attained high accuracy by leveraging additional computation at test time, they need to generate long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Coleman Hooper , Sebastian Zhao , Luca Manolache , Sehoon Kim , Michael W. Mahoney , Yakun Sophia Shao , Kurt Keutzer , Amir Gholami

Large language models spend most of their inference cost on attention over long contexts, yet empirical behavior suggests that only a small subset of tokens meaningfully contributes to each query. We formalize this phenomenon by modeling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Vashista Nobaub

With the development of large language models (LLMs), efficient inference through Key-Value (KV) cache compression has attracted considerable attention, especially for long-context generation. To compress the KV cache, recent methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Qingyue Yang , Jie Wang , Xing Li , Zhihai Wang , Chen Chen , Lei Chen , Xianzhi Yu , Wulong Liu , Jianye Hao , Mingxuan Yuan , Bin Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) based on autoregressive, decoder-only Transformers generate text one token at a time, where a token represents a discrete unit of text. As each newly produced token is appended to the partial output sequence,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Dimitrios Kafetzis , Ramin Khalili , Iordanis Koutsopoulos

The rapid expansion of context window sizes in Large Language Models~(LLMs) has enabled them to tackle increasingly complex tasks involving lengthy documents. However, this progress comes at the cost of a substantial increase in memory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Da Ma , Lu Chen , Situo Zhang , Yuxun Miao , Su Zhu , Zhi Chen , Hongshen Xu , Hanqi Li , Shuai Fan , Lei Pan , Kai Yu

Large language models (LLMs) excel at processing long sequences, boosting demand for key-value (KV) caching. While recent efforts to evict KV cache have alleviated the inference burden, they often fail to allocate resources rationally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Ziran Qin , Yuchen Cao , Mingbao Lin , Wen Hu , Shixuan Fan , Ke Cheng , Weiyao Lin , Jianguo Li

We describe KVLink, an approach for efficient key-value (KV) cache reuse in large language models (LLMs). In many LLM applications, different inputs can share overlapping context, such as the same retrieved document appearing in multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Jingbo Yang , Bairu Hou , Wei Wei , Yujia Bao , Shiyu Chang

The development of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized automated code generation. However, their high demand of computation resources has hindered a broader deployment and raised environmental concerns. A common strategy for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Xiangyu Zhang , Yu Zhou , Guang Yang , Harald C. Gall , Taolue Chen

Long-sequence processing is a critical capability for modern large language models. However, the self-attention mechanism in the standard Transformer architecture faces severe computational and memory bottlenecks when processing long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Weilin Zhao , Zihan Zhou , Zhou Su , Chaojun Xiao , Yuxuan Li , Yanghao Li , Yudi Zhang , Weilun Zhao , Zhen Li , Yuxiang Huang , Ao Sun , Xu Han , Zhiyuan Liu

Long-context LLMs have enabled numerous downstream applications but also introduced significant challenges related to computational and memory efficiency. To address these challenges, optimizations for long-context inference have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Yucheng Li , Huiqiang Jiang , Qianhui Wu , Xufang Luo , Surin Ahn , Chengruidong Zhang , Amir H. Abdi , Dongsheng Li , Jianfeng Gao , Yuqing Yang , Lili Qiu

Long-context decoding is increasingly limited by KV-cache memory traffic since each generated token attends over a cache whose size grows linearly with context length. Existing sparse decoding methods reduce this cost by selecting subsets…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Gonçalo Duarte , Miguel Couceiro , Marcos V. Treviso

Long-context language models are limited by the memory footprint of the key-value (KV) cache. Existing training-free KV compression methods usually rank tokens by one importance signal -- attention, recency, layer-wise allocation, or key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Hong Chen , Xiang Liu , Yubo Gao , Yuxuan Fan , Bo Wang , Yuanlin Chu , Yuanguo Lin , Xuming Hu

The quadratic computational complexity of standard attention mechanisms presents a severe scalability bottleneck for LLMs in long-context scenarios. While hybrid attention mechanisms combining Full Attention (FA) and Sparse Attention (SA)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Quantong Qiu , Zhiyi Hong , Yi Yang , Haitian Wang , Kebin Liu , Qingqing Dang , Juntao Li , Min Zhang

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have already achieved remarkable results on long-text tasks, but the limited GPU memory (VRAM) resources struggle to accommodate the linearly growing demand for key-value (KV) cache as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Shibo Jie , Yehui Tang , Kai Han , Zhi-Hong Deng , Jing Han

Large Language Model (LLM) serving is increasingly constrained by the growing size of the key-value (KV) cache, which scales with both context length and generation length. Prior work shows that attention is dominated by a small subset of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Nazmul Takbir , Hamidreza Alikhani , Nikil Dutt , Sangeetha Abdu Jyothi

Large vision-language models (VLMs) enable joint processing of text and images. However, incorporating vision data significantly increases the prompt length, resulting in a longer time to first token (TTFT). This bottleneck can be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Tharun Adithya Srikrishnan , Deval Shah , Timothy Hein , Ahmed Hasssan , Stephen Youn , Steven K. Reinhardt

Long-term memory is a cornerstone of human intelligence. Enabling AI to process lifetime-scale information remains a long-standing pursuit in the field. Due to the constraints of full-attention architectures, the effective context length of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yu Chen , Runkai Chen , Sheng Yi , Xinda Zhao , Xiaohong Li , Jianjin Zhang , Jun Sun , Chuanrui Hu , Yunyun Han , Lidong Bing , Yafeng Deng , Tianqiao Chen

Integrating vision models into large language models (LLMs) has sparked significant interest in creating vision-language foundation models, especially for video understanding. Recent methods often utilize memory banks to handle untrimmed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Sakib Reza , Xiyun Song , Heather Yu , Zongfang Lin , Mohsen Moghaddam , Octavia Camps