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Related papers: UserHarness: Harnessing User Minds for Stronger Ag…

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Theory of Mind (ToM) -- the ability to understand that others can have differing knowledge and goals -- enables agents to reason about others' beliefs while planning their own actions. We present a novel approach to multi-agent cooperation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Riddhi J. Pitliya , Ozan Çatal , Toon Van de Maele , Corrado Pezzato , Tim Verbelen

Social reasoning necessitates the capacity of theory of mind (ToM), the ability to contextualise and attribute mental states to others without having access to their internal cognitive structure. Recent machine learning approaches to ToM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Dung Nguyen , Phuoc Nguyen , Hung Le , Kien Do , Svetha Venkatesh , Truyen Tran

User modeling has traditionally relied on inferring preferences, traits, or intents from observable behaviour. While effective in many adaptive systems, this paradigm treats behaviour as the primary object of modeling and leaves…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Cristina Gena

Theory of mind (ToM; Premack & Woodruff, 1978) broadly refers to humans' ability to represent the mental states of others, including their desires, beliefs, and intentions. We propose to train a machine to build such models too. We design a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-03-14 Neil C. Rabinowitz , Frank Perbet , H. Francis Song , Chiyuan Zhang , S. M. Ali Eslami , Matthew Botvinick

Large Language Models (LLMs) have developed rapidly and are widely applied to both general-purpose and professional tasks to assist human users. However, they still struggle to comprehend and respond to the true user needs when intentions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Minyuan Ruan , Ziyue Wang , Kaiming Liu , Yunghwei Lai , Peng Li , Yang Liu

Human social interactions depend on the ability to infer others' unspoken intentions, emotions, and beliefs-a cognitive skill grounded in the psychological concept of Theory of Mind (ToM). While large language models (LLMs) excel in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Xuanming Zhang , Yuxuan Chen , Samuel Yeh , Sharon Li

Social intelligence manifests the capability, often referred to as the Theory of Mind (ToM), to discern others' behavioral intentions, beliefs, and other mental states. ToM is especially important in multi-agent and human-machine…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Zhuoya Zhao , Feifei Zhao , Shiwen Wang , Yinqian Sun , Yi Zeng

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to understand people's minds based on their behavior, is key to developing socially intelligent agents. Current approaches to ToM reasoning either rely on prompting Large Language Models (LLMs), which are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Zhining Zhang , Chuanyang Jin , Mung Yao Jia , Shunchi Zhang , Tianmin Shu

Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to the ability to infer others' mental states, such as beliefs, desires, and intentions. Current vision-language embodied agents lack ToM-based decision-making, and existing benchmarks focus solely on human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Ruoxuan Zhang , Qiyun Zheng , Zhiyu Zhou , Ziqi Liao , Siyu Wu , Jian-Yu Jiang-Lin , Bin Wen , Hongxia Xie , Jianlong Fu , Wen-Huang Cheng

The adaptation to users' preferences and the ability to infer and interpret humans' beliefs and intents, which is known as the Theory of Mind (ToM), are two crucial aspects for achieving effective human-robot collaboration. Despite its…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Antonio Andriella , Giovanni Falcone , Silvia Rossi

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to attribute beliefs, intentions, or mental states to others, is a crucial feature of human social interaction. In complex environments, where the human sensory system reaches its limits, behaviour is…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Francesca Bianco , Silvia Rigato , Maria Laura Filippetti , Dimitri Ognibene

Theory of Mind (ToM) is a fundamental cognitive architecture that endows humans with the ability to attribute mental states to others. Humans infer the desires, beliefs, and intentions of others by observing their behavior and, in turn,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Chuang Yu , Baris Serhan , Angelo Cangelosi

Monitoring autonomous large language model (LLM) agents for covert malicious behavior is challenging due to delayed, context-dependent, and long-horizon attack patterns. Agents may pursue hidden objectives while maintaining superficially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Nesreen K. Ahmed , Nima Nafisi

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to track others epistemic state, makes humans efficient collaborators. AI agents need the same capacity in multi agent settings, yet existing benchmarks mostly test literal ToM by asking direct belief…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Gurusha Juneja , Dylan Lu , Saaket Agashe , Parth Diwane , Edward Gunn , Jayanth Srinivasa , Gaowen Liu , William Yang Wang , Yali Du , Xin Eric Wang

Relating explicit psychological mechanisms and observable behaviours is a central aim of psychological and behavioural science. We implemented the principles of the Projective Consciousness Model into artificial agents embodied as virtual…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-26 David Rudrauf , Grégoire Sergeant-Perthuis , Yvain Tisserand , Teerawat Monnor , Olivier Belli

The ability to interpret the mental state of another agent based on its behavior, also called Theory of Mind (ToM), is crucial for humans in any kind of social interaction. Artificial systems, such as intelligent assistants, would also…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-24 Jan Pöppel , Stefan Kopp

Being able to predict the mental states of others is a key factor to effective social interaction. It is also crucial for distributed multi-agent systems, where agents are required to communicate and cooperate. In this paper, we introduce…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Yuanfei Wang , Fangwei Zhong , Jing Xu , Yizhou Wang

The last couple of years have witnessed emerging research that appropriates Theory-of-Mind (ToM) tasks designed for humans to benchmark LLM's ToM capabilities as an indication of LLM's social intelligence. However, this approach has a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Qiaosi Wang , Xuhui Zhou , Maarten Sap , Jodi Forlizzi , Hong Shen

The search for effective collaboration between humans and computer systems is one of the biggest challenges in Artificial Intelligence. One of the more effective mechanisms that humans use to coordinate with one another is theory of mind…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Ramira van der Meulen , Rineke Verbrugge , Max van Duijn

A major challenge in cognitive science and AI has been to understand how autonomous agents might acquire and predict behavioral and mental states of other agents in the course of complex social interactions. How does such an agent model the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-06-03 Ismael T. Freire , Xerxes D. Arsiwalla , Jordi-Ysard Puigbò , Paul Verschure
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