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Complex, non-linear tasks challenge LLM-enhanced multi-agent systems (MAS) due to partial observability and suboptimal coordination. We propose Orchestrator, a novel MAS framework that leverages attention-inspired self-emergent coordination…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Lukas Beckenbauer , Johannes-Lucas Loewe , Ge Zheng , Alexandra Brintrup

We have seen remarkable progress in large language models (LLMs) empowered multi-agent systems solving complex tasks necessitating cooperation among experts with diverse skills. However, optimizing LLM-based multi-agent systems remains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Ming Shen , Raphael Shu , Anurag Pratik , James Gung , Yubin Ge , Monica Sunkara , Yi Zhang

Explaining multi-agent systems (MAS) is urgent as these systems become increasingly prevalent in various applications. Previous work has proveided explanations for the actions or states of agents, yet falls short in understanding the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Jianming Chen , Yawen Wang , Junjie Wang , Xiaofei Xie , jun Hu , Qing Wang , Fanjiang Xu

Large Language Model (LLM)-based Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) enable complex problem-solving but introduce significant debugging challenges, characterized by long interaction traces, inter-agent dependencies, and delayed error manifestation.…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jiazheng Li , Emine Yilmaz , Bei Chen , Dieu-Thu Le

LLM-based multi-agent systems (MAS) extend the capabilities of single LLMs by enabling cooperation among multiple specialized agents. However, most existing MAS frameworks rely on a single LLM to drive all agents, constraining the system's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Rui Ye , Xiangrui Liu , Qimin Wu , Xianghe Pang , Zhenfei Yin , Lei Bai , Siheng Chen

In the rapidly evolving field of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), understanding the dynamics of open systems is crucial. Openness in MARL refers to the dynam-ic nature of agent populations, tasks, and agent types with-in a system.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Alireza Saleh Abadi , Leen-Kiat Soh

Large language model-based multi-agent systems have shown great abilities across various tasks due to the collaboration of expert agents, each focusing on a specific domain. However, the impact of clumsy or even malicious agents--those who…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Jen-tse Huang , Jiaxu Zhou , Tailin Jin , Xuhui Zhou , Zixi Chen , Wenxuan Wang , Youliang Yuan , Michael R. Lyu , Maarten Sap

Agentic AI systems use specialized agents to handle tasks within complex workflows, enabling automation and efficiency. However, optimizing these systems often requires labor-intensive, manual adjustments to refine roles, tasks, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Kamer Ali Yuksel , Hassan Sawaf

Developing Large Language Models (LLMs) to cooperate and compete effectively within multi-agent systems (MASs) is a critical step towards more advanced intelligence. While reinforcement learning (RL) has proven effective for enhancing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Huining Yuan , Zelai Xu , Zheyue Tan , Xiangmin Yi , Mo Guang , Kaiwen Long , Haojia Hui , Boxun Li , Xinlei Chen , Bo Zhao , Xiao-Ping Zhang , Chao Yu , Yu Wang

Agent-based Models (ABMs) are valuable tools for policy analysis. ABMs help analysts explore the emergent consequences of policy interventions in multi-agent decision-making settings. But the validity of inferences drawn from ABM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-09 Osonde A. Osoba , Raffaele Vardavas , Justin Grana , Rushil Zutshi , Amber Jaycocks

Multi-agent systems (MAS) built on large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance across many tasks. Most existing approaches improve only one aspect at a time, such as the communication topology, role assignment, or LLM…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Tianjun Yao , Zhaoyi Li , Zhiqiang Shen

The remarkable capabilities of Large Language Model (LLM)-driven agents have enabled sophisticated systems to tackle complex, multi-step tasks, but their escalating costs threaten scalability and accessibility. This work presents the first…

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) aims to coordinate multiple agents to achieve a common goal. A key challenge in MARL is credit assignment, which involves assessing each agent's contribution to the shared reward. Given…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Xutong Zhao , Yaqi Xie

LLM-powered agents are now used in many areas, from customer support to education, and there is increasing interest in their ability to act more like humans. This includes fields such as social, political, and psychological research, where…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Monika Zamojska , Jarosław A. Chudziak

Moral judgment is integral to large language models' (LLMs) social reasoning. As multi-agent systems gain prominence, it becomes crucial to understand how LLMs function when collaborating compared to operating as individual agents. In human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Anita Keshmirian , Razan Baltaji , Babak Hemmatian , Hadi Asghari , Lav R. Varshney

Multi-agent systems (MAS) powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have been demonstrated to push the boundaries of LLM capabilities, yet they often incur significant costs and face challenges in dynamic LLM selection. Current LLM routing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yanwei Yue , Guibin Zhang , Boyang Liu , Guancheng Wan , Kun Wang , Dawei Cheng , Yiyan Qi

Multi-agent proximal policy optimization (MAPPO) has recently demonstrated state-of-the-art performance on challenging multi-agent reinforcement learning tasks. However, MAPPO still struggles with the credit assignment problem, wherein the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Aditya Kapoor , Benjamin Freed , Howie Choset , Jeff Schneider

Clinical decision-making requires nuanced reasoning over heterogeneous evidence and traceable justifications. While recent LLM multi-agent systems (MAS) show promise, they largely optimise for outcome accuracy while overlooking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Chaeeun Lee , T. Michael Yates , Pasquale Minervini , T. Ian Simpson

Cooperation has long been a fundamental topic in both human society and AI systems. However, recent studies indicate that the collapse of cooperation may emerge in multi-agent systems (MASs) driven by large language models (LLMs). To…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Siyue Ren , Wanli Fu , Xinkun Zou , Chen Shen , Yi Cai , Chen Chu , Zhen Wang , Shuyue Hu

Measuring the contribution of individual agents is challenging in cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). In cooperative MARL, team performance is typically inferred from a single shared global reward. Arguably, among the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Omayma Mahjoub , Ruan de Kock , Siddarth Singh , Wiem Khlifi , Abidine Vall , Kale-ab Tessera , Arnu Pretorius