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Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offers unconditional security in principle. Many QKD protocols have been proposed and demonstrated to ensure secure communication between two authenticated users. Continuous variable (CV) QKD offers many…

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) offers an approach to achieve a potential high secret key rate (SKR) in metropolitan areas. There are several challenges in developing a practical CV-QKD system from the laboratory to…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols are proven secure based on fundamental physical laws, however, the proofs consider a well-defined setting and encoding of the sent quantum signals only. Side channels, where the encoded quantum state…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables two remote parties to grow a shared key which they can use for unconditionally secure communication [1]. The applicable distance of a QKD protocol depends on the loss and the excess noise of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-10-08 Lars S. Madsen , Vladyslav C. Usenko , Mikael Lassen , Radim Filip , Ulrik L. Andersen

Experimental Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols have to consist of not only the unconditionally secure quantum transmission, but also a subsequent classical exchange that enables key reconciliation and error correction. There is a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-19 Elizabeth Newton , Matthew C. J. Everitt , Freya L. Wilson , Benjamin T. H. Varcoe

Quantum Machine Learning (QML) integrates quantum computing with classical machine learning, primarily to solve classification, regression and generative tasks. However, its rapid development raises critical security challenges in the Noisy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-30 Archisman Ghosh , Satwik Kundu , Swaroop Ghosh

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a pivotal technology in the quest for secure communication, harnessing the power of quantum mechanics to ensure robust data protection. However, scaling QKD to meet the demands of high-speed, real-world…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-13 Hasan Abbas Al-Mohammed , Saif Al-Kuwari , Hashir Kuniyil , Ahmed Farouk

Integrating quantum key distribution (QKD) with existing optical networks is highly desired to reduce the deployment costs and achieve efficient resource utilization, and some pointtopoint transmitting experiments have verified its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-08 Jianing Niu , Yongmei Sun , Yongrui Zhang , Yuefeng Ji

Quantum Machine Learning (QML) integrates quantum computational principles into learning algorithms, offering improved representational capacity and computational efficiency. However, the security and robustness of QML systems remain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Saeefa Rubaiyet Nowmi , Jesus Lopez , Md Mahmudul Alam Imon , Shahrooz Pouryousef , Mohammad Saidur Rahman

Discretely-modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) is more suitable for long-distance transmission compared with its Gaussian-modulated CVQKD counterpart. However, its security can only be guaranteed when modulation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-22 Qin Liao , Hai Zhong , Ying Guo

We demonstrate for the first time a four-node trusted-node-free metro network configuration with dynamic discrete-variable quantum key distribution DV-QKD networking capabilities across four optical network nodes. The network allows the…

Studying adversarial robustness of quantum machine learning (QML) models is essential in order to understand their potential advantages over classical models and build trustworthy systems. Distributing QML models allows leveraging multiple…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-19 Pouya Kananian , Hans-Arno Jacobsen

In recent years, discrete-modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution (DM-CV-QKD) has gained traction due to its practical advantages: cost-effectiveness, simple state preparation, and compatibility with existing communication…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-22 Ignatius William Primaatmaja , Wen Yu Kon , Charles Lim

Due to their compatibility to existing telecom technology, continuous variable (CV) weak coherent state protocols are promising candidates for a broad deployment of quantum key distribution (QKD) technology. We demonstrate how an existing…

There exist several initiatives worldwide to deploy quantum key distribution (QKD) over existing fibre networks and achieve quantum-safe security at large scales. To understand the overall QKD network performance, it is required to…

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is revolutionizing cryptography by promising information-theoretic security through the immutable laws of quantum mechanics. Yet, the challenge of transforming these idealized security models into practical,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Nitin Jha , Abhishek Parakh , Mahadevan Subramaniam

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is realized with coherent detection and is therefore very suitable for a cost-efficient implementation. The major challenge in CV-QKD is mitigation of laser phase noise at a signal to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-13 Sebastian Kleis , Max Rueckmann , Christian G. Schaeffer

We demonstrate experimentally the feasibility of continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) in dense-wavelength-division multiplexing networks (DWDM), where QKD will typically have to coexist with several co- propagating (forward…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-23 Rupesh Kumar , Hao Qin , Romain Alléaume

We provide a security analysis of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) with discrete modulation against general attacks in a realistic finite-size regime. To realize this goal, we first prove security of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-21 Jian Zhou , Ying Guo , Duan Huang , Guihua Zeng

Existing security proofs of quantum key distribution (QKD) suffer from two fundamental weaknesses. First, memory attacks have emerged as an important threat to the security of even device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD),…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-14 Marcos Curty , Hoi-Kwong Lo