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Quantifying causal effects in the presence of complex and multivariate outcomes remains a key challenge in treatment evaluation. For hierarchical multivariate outcomes, the FDA recommends the Win Ratio and Generalized Pairwise Comparisons…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-24 Mathieu Even , Julie Josse

This paper introduces a scalable causal inference framework for estimating the immediate, session-level effects of on-demand human tutoring embedded within adaptive learning systems. Because students seek assistance at moments of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Kirk Vanacore , Danielle R Thomas , Digory Smith , Bibi Groot , Justin Reich , Rene Kizilcec

Quantifying the effects of textual interventions in social systems, such as reducing anger in social media posts to see its impact on engagement, is challenging. Real-world interventions are often infeasible, necessitating reliance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Siyi Guo , Myrl G. Marmarelis , Fred Morstatter , Kristina Lerman

Case-control designs are an important tool in contrasting the effects of well-defined treatments. In this paper, we reconsider classical concepts, assumptions and principles and explore when the results of case-control studies can be…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-06 Bas B. L. Penning de Vries , Rolf H. H. Groenwold

Interventional causal models describe several joint distributions over some variables used to describe a system, one for each intervention setting. They provide a formal recipe for how to move between the different joint distributions and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-08-06 Eigil F. Rischel , Sebastian Weichwald

Curating a large scale medical imaging dataset for machine learning applications is both time consuming and expensive. Balancing the workload between model development, data collection and annotations is difficult for machine learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Athanasios Vlontzos , Hadrien Reynaud , Bernhard Kainz

Randomized experiments are the gold standard for estimating the causal effects of an intervention. In the simplest setting, each experimental unit is randomly assigned to receive treatment or control, and then the outcomes in each treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-05 Guillaume Basse , Yi Ding , Panos Toulis

Randomized experiments are a powerful methodology for data-driven evaluation of decisions or interventions. Yet, their validity may be undermined by network interference. This occurs when the treatment of one unit impacts not only its…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-08 Sadegh Shirani , Mohsen Bayati

In the absence of randomized controlled and natural experiments, it is necessary to balance the distributions of (observable) covariates of the treated and control groups in order to obtain an unbiased estimate of a causal effect of…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-02 Martin Cousineau , Vedat Verter , Susan A. Murphy , Joelle Pineau

Recent advances in natural language processing have enabled the increasing use of text data in causal inference, particularly for adjusting confounding factors in treatment effect estimation. Although high-dimensional text can encode rich…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Lijinghua Zhang , Hengrui Cai

Estimating dynamic treatment effects is a crucial endeavor in causal inference, particularly when confronted with high-dimensional confounders. Doubly robust (DR) approaches have emerged as promising tools for estimating treatment effects…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-05-17 Jelena Bradic , Weijie Ji , Yuqian Zhang

We describe a design-based framework for drawing causal inference in general randomized experiments. Causal effects are defined as linear functionals evaluated at unit-level potential outcome functions. Assumptions about the potential…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-15 Christopher Harshaw , Fredrik Sävje , Yitan Wang

The scarcity of high-dimensional causal inference datasets restricts the exploration of complex deep models. In this work, we propose a method to generate a synthetic causal dataset that is high-dimensional. The synthetic data simulates a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Aayush Agarwal , Saksham Bassi

Instrumental variable approaches have gained popularity for estimating causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounders. However, the availability of instrumental variables in the primary dataset is often challenged due to stringent…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-31 Kang Shuai , Shanshan Luo , Wei Li , Yangbo He

Causal inference plays an important role in under standing the underlying mechanisation of the data generation process across various domains. It is challenging to estimate the average causal effect and individual causal effects from…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-01-05 Haoran Zhao , Yinghao Zhang , Debo Cheng , Chen Li , Zaiwen Feng

This paper discusses the fundamental principles of causal inference - the area of statistics that estimates the effect of specific occurrences, treatments, interventions, and exposures on a given outcome from experimental and observational…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-03 Francesca Dominici , Falco J. Bargagli-Stoffi , Fabrizia Mealli

We consider assessing causal mediation in the presence of a post-treatment event (examples include noncompliance, a clinical event, or death). We identify natural mediation effects for the entire study population and for each principal…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-13 Chao Cheng , Fan Li

Most algorithms in classical and contemporary machine learning focus on correlation-based dependence between features to drive performance. Although success has been observed in many relevant problems, these algorithms fail when the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Moritz Willig , Matej Zečević , Devendra Singh Dhami , Kristian Kersting

Causal influence measures for machine learnt classifiers shed light on the reasons behind classification, and aid in identifying influential input features and revealing their biases. However, such analyses involve evaluating the classifier…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-10 Shayak Sen , Piotr Mardziel , Anupam Datta , Matthew Fredrikson

We propose a new estimation method for heterogeneous causal effects which utilizes a regression discontinuity (RD) design for multiple datasets with different thresholds. The standard RD design is frequently used in applied researches, but…

Econometrics · Economics 2019-05-14 Takayuki Toda , Ayako Wakano , Takahiro Hoshino