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Causal effect estimation from observational data is a crucial but challenging task. Currently, only a limited number of data-driven causal effect estimation methods are available. These methods either provide only a bound estimation of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-10 Debo Cheng , Jiuyong Li , Lin Liu , Kui Yu , Thuc Duy Lee , Jixue Liu

In this paper, we develop a multiply robust inference procedure of the average treatment effect (ATE) for data with high-dimensional covariates. We consider the case where it is difficult to correctly specify a single parametric model for…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-03 Xintao Xia , Yumou Qiu

We study variants of the average treatment effect on the treated with population parameters replaced by their sample counterparts. For each estimand, we derive the limiting distribution with respect to a semiparametric efficient estimator…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-12 Andrew Yiu

This brief note documents the data generating processes used in the 2017 Data Analysis Challenge associated with the Atlantic Causal Inference Conference (ACIC). The focus of the challenge was estimation and inference for conditional…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-05-24 P. Richard Hahn , Vincent Dorie , Jared S. Murray

Recently, there has been great interest in estimating the conditional average treatment effect using flexible machine learning methods. However, in practice, investigators often have working hypotheses about effect heterogeneity across…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-13 Chan Park , Hyunseung Kang

We propose a model-free framework for sensitivity analysis of individual treatment effects (ITEs), building upon ideas from conformal inference. For any unit, our procedure reports the $\Gamma$-value, a number which quantifies the minimum…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-04-26 Ying Jin , Zhimei Ren , Emmanuel J. Candès

Unmeasured confounding presents a significant challenge in causal inference from observational studies. Classical approaches often rely on collecting proxy variables, such as instrumental variables. However, in applications where the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-16 Xiaochuan Shi , Dehan Kong , Linbo Wang

Causal inference is central to many areas of artificial intelligence, including complex reasoning, planning, knowledge-base construction, robotics, explanation, and fairness. An active community of researchers develops and enhances…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Amanda Gentzel , Dan Garant , David Jensen

The delayed and incomplete availability of historical findings and the lack of integrative and user-friendly software hampers the reliable interpretation of new clinical data. We developed a free, open, and user-friendly clinical trial…

A standard assumption for causal inference about the joint effects of time-varying treatment is that one has measured sufficient covariates to ensure that within covariate strata, subjects are exchangeable across observed treatment values,…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-04 Andrew Ying , Wang Miao , Xu Shi , Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen

Applied researchers in biomedicine and related fields are often interested in estimating the causal effect of a treatment or intervention. Although randomized clinical trials are considered the gold standard for establishing causal effects,…

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) are often considered the gold standard for estimating causal effect, but they may lack external validity when the population eligible to the RCT is substantially different from the target population.…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-01-11 Bénédicte Colnet , Julie Josse , Erwan Scornet , Gaël Varoquaux

Standard approaches in generalizability often focus on generalizing the intent-to-treat (ITT). However, in practice, a more policy-relevant quantity is the generalized impact of an intervention across compliers. While instrumental variable…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-03 Zhongren Chen , Melody Huang

We address the estimation of conditional average treatment effects (CATEs) for structured treatments (e.g., graphs, images, texts). Given a weak condition on the effect, we propose the generalized Robinson decomposition, which (i) isolates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Jean Kaddour , Yuchen Zhu , Qi Liu , Matt J. Kusner , Ricardo Silva

While randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for estimating treatment effects in medical research, there is increasing use of and interest in using real-world data for drug development. One such use case is the…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-11 Devin Incerti , Michael T Bretscher , Ray Lin , Chris Harbron

Existing statistical methods for the analysis of micro-randomized trials (MRTs) are designed to estimate causal excursion effects using data from a single MRT. In practice, however, researchers can often find previous MRTs that employ…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-13 Easton Huch , Inbal Nahum-Shani , Lindsey Potter , Cho Lam , David W. Wetter , Walter Dempsey

We are interested in estimating the effect of a treatment applied to individuals at multiple sites, where data is stored locally for each site. Due to privacy constraints, individual-level data cannot be shared across sites; the sites may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Ruoxuan Xiong , Allison Koenecke , Michael Powell , Zhu Shen , Joshua T. Vogelstein , Susan Athey

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) often include subgroup analyses to assess whether treatment effects vary across pre-specified patient populations. However, these analyses frequently suffer from small sample sizes which limit the power…

Individualized treatment decisions can improve health outcomes, but using data to make these decisions in a reliable, precise, and generalizable way is challenging with a single dataset. Leveraging multiple randomized controlled trials…

The estimation of Conditional Average Treatment Effects (CATE) is crucial for understanding the heterogeneity of treatment effects in clinical trials. We evaluate the performance of common methods, including causal forests and various…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-12 Oshri Machluf , Tzviel Frostig , Gal Shoham , Tomer Milo , Elad Berkman , Raviv Pryluk