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How do masked language models (MLMs) such as BERT learn contextual representations? In this work, we analyze the learning dynamics of MLMs. We find that MLMs adopt sampled embeddings as anchors to estimate and inject contextual semantics to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-11 Zhiyi Fu , Wangchunshu Zhou , Jingjing Xu , Hao Zhou , Lei Li

Tabular data is a pervasive modality spanning a wide range of domains, and the inherent diversity poses a considerable challenge for deep learning. Recent advancements using transformer-based in-context learning have shown promise on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Valentin Thomas , Junwei Ma , Rasa Hosseinzadeh , Keyvan Golestan , Guangwei Yu , Maksims Volkovs , Anthony Caterini

Unsupervised domain adaptation aims to address the problem of classifying unlabeled samples from the target domain whilst labeled samples are only available from the source domain and the data distributions are different in these two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-20 Qian Wang , Toby P. Breckon

In this paper we revisit the risk bounds of the lasso estimator in the context of transductive and semi-supervised learning. In other terms, the setting under consideration is that of regression with random design under partial labeling.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-11-09 Pierre C. Bellec , Arnak S. Dalalyan , Edwin Grappin , Quentin Paris

Learning with noisy labels, which aims to reduce expensive labors on accurate annotations, has become imperative in the Big Data era. Previous noise transition based method has achieved promising results and presented a theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Jiangchao Yao , Ya Zhang , Ivor W. Tsang , Jun Sun

We develop the first active learning method for contextual linear optimization. Specifically, we introduce a label acquisition algorithm that sequentially decides whether to request the ``labels'' of feature samples from an unlabeled data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Mo Liu , Paul Grigas , Heyuan Liu , Zuo-Jun Max Shen

Supervised machine learning often operates on the data-driven paradigm, wherein internal model parameters are autonomously optimized to converge predicted outputs with the ground truth, devoid of explicitly programming rules or a priori…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Daniel Geissler , Bo Zhou , Mengxi Liu , Paul Lukowicz

Modern language models (LMs) increasingly require two critical resources: computational resources and data resources. Data selection techniques can effectively reduce the amount of training data required for fine-tuning LMs. However, their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Hongming Li , Yang Liu , Chao Huang

Unsupervised learning aims at the discovery of hidden structure that drives the observations in the real world. It is essential for success in modern machine learning. Latent variable models are versatile in unsupervised learning and have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-06-13 Furong Huang

The pioneering method for unsupervised meta-learning, CACTUs, is a clustering-based approach with pseudo-labeling. This approach is model-agnostic and can be combined with supervised algorithms to learn from unlabeled data. However, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Xingping Dong , Jianbing Shen , Ling Shao

Unsupervised feature selection (UFS) is an important task in data engineering. However, most UFS methods construct models from a single perspective and often fail to simultaneously evaluate feature importance and preserve their inherent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Jingjing Liu , Xiansen Ju , Xianchao Xiu , Wanquan Liu

Federated Learning (FL) has been considered as an appealing framework to tackle data privacy issues of mobile devices compared to conventional Machine Learning (ML). Using Edge Servers (ESs) as intermediaries to perform model aggregation in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Zhe Qu , Rui Duan , Lixing Chen , Jie Xu , Zhuo Lu , Yao Liu

Most time series foundation models are pretrained by directly predicting future observations, which often yields weakly structured latent representations that capture surface noise rather than coherent and predictable temporal dynamics. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Xinxing Zhou , Qingren Yao , Yiji Zhao , Chenghao Liu , Flora Salim , Xiaojie Yuan , Yanlong Wen , Ming Jin

Offline meta-reinforcement learning seeks to learn policies that generalize across related tasks from fixed datasets. Context-based methods infer a task representation from transition histories, but learning effective task representations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Mohammadreza Nakheai , Aidan Scannell , Kevin Luck , Joni Pajarinen

The long-standing dominance of gradient-boosted decision trees on tabular data is currently challenged by tabular foundation models using In-Context Learning (ICL): setting the training data as context for the test data and predicting in a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Jingang Qu , David Holzmüller , Gaël Varoquaux , Marine Le Morvan

The laborious process of labeling data often bottlenecks projects that aim to leverage the power of supervised machine learning. Active Learning (AL) has been established as a technique to ameliorate this condition through an iterative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Trent J. Bradberry , Christopher H. Hase , LeAnna Kent , Joel A. Góngora

Semi-supervised learning by self-training heavily relies on pseudo-label selection (PLS). The selection often depends on the initial model fit on labeled data. Early overfitting might thus be propagated to the final model by selecting…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-27 Julian Rodemann , Jann Goschenhofer , Emilio Dorigatti , Thomas Nagler , Thomas Augustin

Reliance on vast annotations to achieve leading performance severely restricts the practicality of large-scale point cloud semantic segmentation. For the purpose of reducing data annotation costs, effective labeling schemes are developed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Puzuo Wang , Wei Yao , Jie Shao

By allowing models to predict without task-specific training, in-context learning (ICL) with pretrained LLMs has enormous potential in NLP. However, a number of problems persist in ICL. In particular, its performance is sensitive to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Zhichao Xu , Daniel Cohen , Bei Wang , Vivek Srikumar

Semi-supervised referring expression segmentation (SS-RES) aims to achieve precise pixel-level language grounding under limited annotation, yet suffers from limited supervision and unreliable pseudo-labels when exploiting unlabeled…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Runlong Cao , Ying Zang , Chuanwei Zhou , Tianrun Chen , Tong Zhang , Zhen Cui , Chunyan Xu